Fire Absorber is a passive fire protection product used in heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) ducts to prevent the spread of fire inside the air ducts through refractory walls and floors. Fire/smoke dampers are similar to fire absorbers in fireproof ratings, and also prevent the spread of smoke inside the channel. When the temperature rise occurs, the damper fire closes, usually activated by a thermal element that melts at a temperature higher than the ambient but low enough to indicate a fire, allowing the spring to close the damper blade. The fire suppression can also be closed after receiving electrical signals from the fire alarm system using a detector away from the silencer, indicating heat or smoke sensing in the occupied space or in the HVAC duct system.
Fire regulation and test programs vary from country to country, which can result in different designs and applications.
Video Fire damper
Peredam api untuk saluran
Mechanical damper
Mechanical dampers cover a channel area of ​​a channel in case of a fire either by rotating a fireproof board (in Europe), or by using a steel window, similar to a window curtain (in North America). In European design, the reversing mechanism is fully contained, allowing dampers (subject to type approval) to be installed in place, allowing heat sink effects to heat from accidental building fires, which overlap on ducts and dampers, to be carried into the surrounding structures. It also discusses the topic of smoke migration through annulus dampers. In North American silencer design, the closing mechanism for the interior window is outside the silencer, which is why NFPA 80 expressly prohibits the installation or presence of any material in the dampening annulus, which is not mentioned in the manufacturer's instructions, governed by their certification list. The closure mechanism should be allowed to operate, requiring the annulus to remain open, other than the angle of the iron lip surrounding the silencer through penetration in wall assemblies and flame retardant floor assemblies. Maintenance of mechanical absorbers of the European and North American mechanical reducer design focuses on the opening mechanical closing function (which must be performed during inspection), as well as the removal of foreign bodies that may damage this function.
Intumescent dampers
Intumescent dampers may qualify for ISO 10294-5: 2005 Fire damper for air distribution systems - Part 5: Intumescent fire absorbers. They swell due to intumescence in case of fire. Unlike mechanical dampers, this is a physical/chemical reaction that causes the closure to work. Provided that the intumescent is in a provable age and/or shelf life and provides for the absence of flammable objects (sabotage), certified silencers to retain its functions subject to the list of certifications or approvals of its kind. In other words, cleaning (if necessary) and age judgments consist of inspections. The annulus of the intumescent damper is closed according to the certification list, so the intumescent can press the closed frame to close the opening, thus eliminating the migration of annular smoke.
PFP/AFP Hybrid
Mechanical and intumescent absorbers form part of a passive fire protection system (PFP), such as walls, floors, or even flame retardant or fire retardant canals. Thus, they are PFP systems. However, whether the opening is mechanically closed or whether it is the physical/chemical action of the intumescent that does the work, the fact that they are activated by heat and then move to fulfill the fire safety function, also technically qualify them for forming part of an active fire protection system (AFP).
Maps Fire damper
Transfer air silencer
Air transfer fire exhaust (ATFD) is not protected by drains and should therefore be installed and manufactured according to standards and tests that take into account indoor flame exposure. Passive air transfer fire dampers such as intumescent or mechanical type. They are designed for flame retardant, fireproof directly in open country or for smoke resistance or for combination. Some designs for exterior use, some for hygienic zone use and some for Ex-zone applications.
Depending on regional regulation, they are tested for the same exposure as wall elements and floor buildings or tested slightly differently as for wire or pipe penetration. In Europe, the Sm or Sa classification can be obtained for cold smoke resistance or cold and hot smoke resistance. In the US, lists may be published for use in campfire exposures.
Contrary to the silencer in the ATFD closing time channel it is important to avoid fire passing during open conditions. For applications where direct fire penetration is not permitted through openings normally open, ATFD must meet adequate standards. In the US, ASTM E2912 verifies flame retardance directly in open country and ASTM E119 for closed state.
Fire transfer air transfers for walls or floors are usually designed for flush installation and are available in various sizes. Dampers are listed for vertical or horizontal mounting or both and for one or two-way fire exposure. Flame-retardant performance is rated as the compartment they serve, with or without smoke resistance. In Europe, the harmonization of ETAG 026 Section 4 applies to the classification of ATFD.
The air transfer fire transfer for doors is designed and tested for use at the bottom of the doorframe and can not be installed elsewhere or higher. In Europe, fire doors test EN 14600 and EN 1634-1 apply.
Air transfers of fire dampers on the facade are vents applied to walls, eave soffit, gable or foundations. In the US, it is used to protect from exposure to exterior fire from neighboring structures or through window-, burning and fire (ASTM E2912 plus ASTM E119) or to forest fires only (ASTM E2886). In Europe, air-transferred grilles for walls can be applied externally after a national appraisal of appropriateness for application in the case of embers, direct spraying of fire, environmental impact etc. has been undertaken.
Ventilating fire resistance cavity is a type of air transfer damper used in cavities or cavities in construction with natural ventilation, usually in the air gap behind the cladding. This is often subject to sudden flame throwing. In the US, ASTM E2912 includes testing, combined with E119 if required. Methods for verifying performance in an open state, similar to E2912, are being assessed in Europe by CEN.
Dampers for channels are applied as air transition dampers: Alimony exists for the use of damper as an air transfer fire damper. Since this will usually overheat, and even allow fire penetration to the unexposed side during a fire, they must be modified and classified for the application. To achieve this they are tested with grids on both sides to prevent flammability to be kept too close to the hot part or flame. Some jurisdictions prescribe a common grid for use in front of registered line dampers, which are not listed for use without the need for a duct.
Inspection and maintenance of fire dampers
In the US, the Joint Commission, the State of Marshals of Fire and Other Authorities Have Jurisdiction (AHJ), requires Fire and Damper Smoke to be tested at certain intervals. Similarly, European authorities mandate maintenance and repair of fire suppressors as well, as part of an agreement or list issued after successful fire-fight assembly testing. Therefore, unverifiable fire absorbers are maintained per rule is a fire code violation because built-in but untreated fire suppressors no longer comply with their certification lists.
In areas enforcing the NFPA Standard (for example, North America), fire suppression and smoke/smoke smoke combinations require examination and testing one year after installation, and then every 4 years; except in the hospital, where the frequency should be every 6 years. Documentation indicating the location of the silencer, the date of inspection, the name of the inspector and the deficiencies found are also required.
Repair should start without delay if damper is found to be inoperable.
See also
- Explosive dampers
- HVAC
- Passive fire protection
- Active fire protection
- Fire test
- Listing and use of approval and compliance
- Sheet metal
References
External links
- UL treatise on fire suppression
- Abstract on UL555 Standard on Fire Damper
- Abstract on UL555 Standard for Dust Smoke
- Abstract on UL555c Standard on Ceiling Dampers
- UL Marking and Application Guide for Damper
- Abstract on UL33 Responsive Heat Link for Fire Protection Service
- ASTM E2912 Standard Test Method for Non-Mechanical Fire Damper Fire Test Used in Ventilated Construction
- ASTM E2886 Access Portal: Standard Test Method for Evaluating Exterior Ventilation Capabilities for Rejecting Embers and Live Flame Logging
- NFPA 80 Access Portal: Standards for Fire Doors and Opening Other Guards
- Access NFPA 90A: Standard for Air Conditioner System Installation and Ventilation System
- Access NFPA 105: Standards for Installation of Smoke Doors and Other Custody Assemblies
- Access Portal: SMACNA Fire, Smoke, and Radiation Damper Installation Guide for HVAC
- 14600 Access Portal: Opened doors and windows with fire and/or flameproof control characteristics - Requirements and classification
- EN 1634-1 Access Portal: Fire resistance and smoke control test for door and shutter assemblies, open windows and building hardware elements - Part 1: Fire resistance test for open door and shutter assemblies and windows
- Abstract DIN EN 15650: 2010-09 Ventilation for buildings - Fire dampers; German version EN 15650: 2010
- Abstract DIN EN 15882-2: 2010-11 Extended application of fireproof test results for service installation - Part 2 - Silencer; German version prEN 15882-2: 2010
- Quote Scheuermann, Praxishandbuch Brandschutz (Fire Protection Practice Handbook, Paragraph 5.5.4 Fire Damper), 2008
- Access to DIN EN 1366-2: 1999-10 (replacing DIN4102 Section 6) Fire resistance test at service installation - Part 2: Fire suppression; German version EN 1366-2: 1999
- Abstract ISO 10294-1: 1996 Fire resistance test - Fire reducer for air distribution system - Part 1: Test method
- Abstract ISO 10294-5: 2005 Fire reducer for air distribution system - Part 5: Intumescent fire absorber
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments