Skin disorders is one of the most common health problems in dogs, and has many causes. Skin condition and dog hair are also important indicators of general health. Dog skin disorders vary from acute, self-limiting problems to chronic or long-lasting problems that require lifelong care. Skin disorders may be primary or secondary (due to scratching, itching) in nature, making the diagnosis tricky.
Video Dog skin disorders
Immune-mediated skin disorders
Skin diseases can occur due to deficiency or too many immune responses. In cases where there is an inadequate immune response the disease is usually described by the secondary disease that occurs. Examples include increased susceptibility to demodectic mites and recurrent skin infections, such as Malassezia infection or bacterial infection. Elevated, but potentially harmful immune responses, can be divided into hypersensitivity disorders such as atopic dermatitis, and autoimmune disorders (autoimmune), such as pemphigus and discoid lupus erythematosus.
Atopic dermatitis
Atopy is an allergic and chronic skin disease (lifetime). Signs usually begin between 6 months and 3 years, with some breeds of dogs, such as the Golden Retrievers that show signs at an earlier age. Dogs with itchy atopic dermatitis, especially around the eyes, snout, ears, and legs. In severe cases irritation occurs in general. If allergens are seasonal, the signs of irritation are also seasonally similar. Many dogs with home mite allergies have perennial disease. Some allergens associated with atopy in dogs include tree pollen, grass and weeds, as well as fungi and house dust mites. Ear and skin infections with bacteria Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and yeast Malassezia pachydermatis are common secondary to atopic dermatitis.
Food allergies can be associated with identical signs and some experts consider food allergies to be a type of atopic dermatitis.
The diagnosis of atopic dermatitis is to eliminate other causes of irritation including ticks, scabies and other parasites such as Cheyletiella and ticks. Food allergies can be identified through the use of a dietary trial of elimination in which a new or hydrolyzed protein diet is used for at least 6 weeks and allergies to aeroallergens can be identified by using intradermal allergy and/or blood tests (IgE-specific allergens ELISA).
Treatment includes avoiding allergens that are intrusive if possible, but for most dogs, this is not practical or effective. Other treatments modulate an adverse immune response against allergens and include antihistamines, steroids, ciclosporins and immunotherapy (a process in which allergens are injected to try to induce tolerance). In many cases, shampoo, medicine wipes and ear cleaners are needed to prevent the return of infection.
New research into T-cell receptor peptides and their effects on dogs with severe severe atopic dermatitis are under investigation.
Autoimmune skin diseases
Pemphigus foliaceus is the most common autoimmune disease in dogs. The blisters in the epidermis quickly rupture form the crust and erosion that most commonly affects the face and ear initially, but in some cases it spreads to cover the whole body. Pawpads may be affected causing marked hyperkeratosis (thickening of pads with scales). Other autoimmune diseases include bullous pemphigoid and bullosa acquisita epidermolysis.
Treatment of autoimmune skin conditions requires treatment to significantly reduce the abnormal immune response; steroids, azathoprine, and other drugs used as immunosuppressive agents.
Maps Dog skin disorders
Physical and environmental diseases
Hot spot
A hot spot, or acute moist dermatitis , is an acute and infected area of ​​irritation from skin irritation that is made and exacerbated by a dog licking and biting itself. A hot spot can manifest and spread rapidly within a matter of hours because a secondary Staphylococcus infection causes the top layer of skin to break down and as the pussy becomes trapped in the hair. Hot spots can be treated with oral and corticosteroid medications as well as topical antibiotic applications, as well as cutting hair from around the lesion. Causes of underlying triggers include flea allergy dermatitis, ear diseases or other allergic skin diseases. Dogs with thick undercoats most often get hot spots.
Granuloma licking acute
Graniloma jelly is a prominent area, usually undergoing ulceration in the wrist or ankle area of ​​the dog caused by continuous dog compulsive suggestions. Compulsive beating is defined as licking more than is necessary for standard care or exploration that represents a change in typical animal behavior and interferes with other activities or functions (eg eating, drinking, playing, interacting with people) and can not be easily disturbed..
Infectious skin diseases
Infectious dog skin diseases include infectious and infectious and non-infectious infestations. Infectious infections include parasites, bacteria, fungi and viral skin diseases.
One of the most common infectious parasitic skin diseases is sarcoptic mange (scabies). Another is scabies caused by Demodex mites (Demodicosis), although this form of mange is not contagious. Another contagious infestation is caused by mites, Cheyletiella . Dogs can be filled with infectious lice.
Other ectoparasites, including flea and tick infestations, are not considered to be directly contagious but are obtained from environments where other infected hosts have shaped the life cycle of the parasite.
Ringworm is a fungal skin infection and is more common in puppies than in adult dogs.
Noninfectious skin infections can occur when a normal bacterial or fungal skin flora is allowed to multiply and cause skin diseases. Common examples of dogs include Staphylococcus intermedius pyoderma, and Malassezia dermatitis caused by overdevelopment of Malassezia pachydermatis.
Alabama rot, which is believed to be caused by E. coli toxins, also causes skin lesions and ultimately kidney failure in 25% of cases.
Allergic allergy dermatitis
Hereditary and developmental skin diseases
Some diseases are abnormalities inherent in the structure or function of the skin. These include seborrhoeic dermatitis, ichthyosis, skin fragility syndrome (Ehlers-Danlos), hereditary canine dysplasia and hypotricosis, such as colored alopecia.
Juvenile cellulitis, also known as dog strangles, is a puppy skin disease with an unknown etiology, which is likely to have a hereditary component associated with the immune system.
Internal disease skin manifest
Some systemic diseases can be symptoms as skin disorders. These include many endocrine (hormonal) abnormalities, such as hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome (hyperadrenalcorticism), and ovarian or testicular tumors.
Nutritional Disorders Skin
Essential Fatty Acids
Many dog ​​skin disorders can have a foundation in poor nutrition. Supplementation of omega, 3 and 6 fatty acids, has been shown to mediate the skin inflammatory response seen in chronic disease. Omega 3 fatty acids are increasingly being used to treat itchy and irritated skin. A group of dogs supplemented with omega 3 fatty acids (660 mg/kg [300 mg/lb] body weight/day) not only improved their pruritus condition but also showed a thorough improvement in skin conditions. Furthermore, a diet lacking in essential fatty acids is usually present as tangled and unkempt as the first sign of deficiency. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the famous omega 3, works by preventing the synthesis of other omega metabolites known as arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is omega 6, making it pro-inflammatory. Although not always the case, omega-6 fatty acids increase the inflammation of the skin which in turn reduces appearance and overall health. There are skin benefits from both lipids, because omega-6s deficiency leads to reduced ability to heal and a higher risk of infection, which also reduces skin health. Lipids are generally beneficial for dog skin health, as they nourish the epidermis and retain moisture to prevent dry and scaly skin.
Vitamins
Vitamins are one of the many nutritional factors that alter the outward appearance of the dog. Fat soluble vitamins A and E play an important role in maintaining healthy skin. Vitamin A, which can also be added as beta-carotene, prevents epithelial tissue damage associated with chronic skin disease and aging. Vitamin A deficiency can cause scaly skin and other dermatasis-related problems such as alopecia. Vitamin E is an antioxidant. Vitamin E neutralizes free radicals that accumulate in highly proliferative cells such as skin and prevents damage to fibrous tissue caused by these ionized molecules. There are also some water-soluble vitamins that contribute to skin health. Riboflavin (B2) is a cofactor for carbohydrate metabolism and when deficiencies in the diet cause the skin to crack, fragile. Biotin (B7) is another B vitamin that, when deficient, leads to alopecia.
Mineral
Minerals have many roles in the body, which include acting as a useful antioxidant. Selenium is an essential nutrient, which must be present in small amounts in the diet. Like other antioxidants, selenium acts as a cofactor to neutralize free radicals. Other minerals act as important cofactors for biological processes related to skin health. Zinc plays an important role in protein synthesis, which helps maintain skin elasticity. By incorporating zinc in the diet will not only help in the development of collagen and wound healing, but will also prevent the skin becoming dry and scaly. Copper is involved in several enzymatic pathways. In dogs, copper deficiency leads to incomplete keratinization causing dry skin and hypopigmentation. The tricky combination of trace minerals in the diet is a key component of skin health and part of a complete and balanced diet.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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