Shampoo ( ) is a hair care product, usually in the form of a viscous liquid, used to clean hair. Less commonly, shampoo available in the form of bars, such as soap. Shampoo is used by applying it to wet hair, massaging the product onto the hair, and then rinsing it. Some users can follow the shampoo by using a hair conditioner.
The purpose of using a shampoo is to remove unwanted buildup in the hair without disinfecting the sebum thus making the hair uncontrollable. Shampoos are generally made by combining surfactants, most often sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium laureth sulphate, with co-surfactant, most often cocamidopropyl betaine in water.
Special shampoo available for people with dandruff, colored hair, gluten or wheat allergies, an interest in using "natural", "organic" products, and babies and young children ("baby shampoo" is less irritating). There are also shampoos intended for animals that may contain insecticides or other drugs to treat skin conditions or parasitic infestations such as lice.
Video Shampoo
History
The word shampoo entered English from India during the colonial era. It dates from 1762, and comes from Hindi ch? Mpo (????? [t? ÃÆ' Â £: po:] ), originally derived from Sanskrit roots chapayati (?????, which means pressing, squeezing, soothing).
India
In India, various herbs and extracts have been used as shampoo since ancient times. The highly effective artificial shampoo is made by boiling Sapindus with dried Indian gooseberry (amla) and various other ingredients, using filtered extracts. Sapindus, also known as soapberries or soapnuts, a widespread tropical tree in India, is called Ksuna (Sanskrit: ?????) in ancient Indian texts and its fruit pulps contain saponins which are natural surfactants. The soapberry extract creates a foam that the Indian text is called phenaka (Sanskrit: ????). Her hair is soft, shiny and manageable. Other products used to clean the hair are shikakai (Acacia concinna), flower shoes, ritha (Sapindus mukorossi) and arappu (Albizzia amara). Guru Nanak, the founding prophet and the first Sikhism Master, made reference to soapberry trees and soaps in the 16th century.
Cleaning with a hair and body massage (champu) during everyday baths is the pleasure of early colonial merchants in India. When they returned to Europe, they introduced newly learned habits, including the hair care they call shampoo.
Europe
Sake Dean Mahomed, a Bengali traveler, surgeon and businesswoman, is credited with introducing the practice of champooi or "shampoo" to England. In 1814, Mahomed, with his Irish wife, Jane Daly, opened the first commercial "steam bath" steam bath in England, in Brighton. He described the treatment in the local paper as "The Indian Medicated Vapor Bath, a cure for many diseases and provides full assistance when every thing fails, especially Rheumatic and paralyzed, gout, stiff joints, old sprains, paralyzed feet, pain in the joints ".
During the early stages of shampoo in Europe, British hairdressers boiled shaving soap in water and added a concoction to give the luster of hair and luster. Commercial made shampoo is available from the turn of the 20th century. The 1914 ad for Canthrox Shampoo at American Magazine shows young women in the camp washing their hair with Canthrox on the lake; magazine commercial in 1914 by Rexall featuring Harmony Hair Beautifier and Shampoo.
In 1927, liquid shampoo was invented by German inventor Hans Schwarzkopf in Berlin, whose name created a shampoo brand sold in Europe.
Initially, soap and shampoo are very similar products; both containing surfactants derived from the same nature, a kind of detergent. Modern shampoos as they are known today were first introduced in the 1930s with Drene , the first shampoo to use synthetic surfactants instead of soap.
Indonesia
Shampoo used in Indonesia is made from leather and rice straw ( rice ). The husks and straws are burned to ashes, and the ash (which has the alkaline properties) is mixed with water to form the foam. The ash and foam were rubbed into the hair and rinsed, leaving hair clean but very dry. After that, coconut oil is applied to the hair to moisten it.
Pre-Columbian North America
Certain Native American tribes use extracts from North American plants as hair shampoos; eg Costanoans from the coast of California currently using extracts from coastal woodfern, Dryopteris expansa ,
South America Pre-Colombia
Before the quinoa can be eaten, saponins should be washed from the grain before cooking. The pre-Columbian Andean civilization used this soap shampoo product as a shampoo.
Maps Shampoo
Composition
Shampoos are generally made by combining surfactants, most commonly sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium laureth sulfate, with co-surfactant, cocamidopropyl betaine being most often in water to form viscous viscous liquids. Other important ingredients include salt (sodium chloride), which is used to adjust viscosity, preservatives and aromas. Other ingredients are usually included in a shampoo formulation to maximize the following qualities:
- pleasant foam
- easy to rinse
- minimal skin and eye irritation
- strong or condensed feeling
- pleasant aroma
- low toxicity
- good biodegradability
- slightly acidity (pH less than 7)
- no hair damage
- repair damage done to hair
Many pearlescent colored shampoo. This effect is achieved by adding small flakes of suitable material, eg. glycol distearate, is chemically derived from stearic acid, which may be of animal or vegetable origin. The distearate glycol is a candle. Many shampoos also include silicone to provide conditioning benefits.
Commonly used materials
- Ammonium Chloride
- Ammonium lauryl sulfate
- Glikol
- Sodium laureth sulfate is derived from coconut oil and is used to soften water and make foam. There has been some concern over this particular material sometime around 1998 because evidence suggests it may be a carcinogen, and this has not been refuted, as many sources still describe it as irritating to hair and scalp.
- Sodium lauryl sulfate
- Sodium lauroamphoacetate is naturally derived from coconut oil and used as a cleanser and anti-irritant. These are the ingredients that make this product tear-free.
- Polysorbate 20 (abbreviated to PEG (20)) is a light glycol based surfactant used for dissolving perfumes and essential oils; meaning it causes the fluid to spread and penetrate the solid surface (ie your hair).
- Polysorbate 80 (abbreviated as PEG (80)) is a glycol used to emulsify (or dissolve) oil in water (so oil does not float on top like Italian salad dressing).
- PEG-150 distearate is a simple thickener.
- Citric acid is produced biochemically and is used as an antioxidant to maintain oil in the product. Although it is a severe eye irritant, sodium lauroamphoacetate negates the property. Citric acid is used to adjust the pH to about 5.5. It is a pretty weak acid that makes adjustments easier. Shampoo is usually at a pH of 5.5 because at a slightly acidic pH, the scales on the hair follicles lie flat, making hair feel smooth and shiny. It also has a small amount of preservative action. Citric acid as opposed to other acids will prevent bacterial growth.
- Quaternium-15 is used as a bacterial and fungicidal preservative.
- Polyquaternium-10 has nothing to do with quaternium-15 chemistry; it acts as a conditioning material, giving moisture and fullness of hair.
- In-PPG-2 myreth-10 adipate is a water-dispersed emollient that forms a clear solution with a surfactant system
- Methylisothiazolinone, or MIT, is a powerful biocide and preservative.
Related benefits claims
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mandates that shampoo containers accurately include the ingredients in the product containers. The government further regulates what shampoo producers can and can not claim as related benefits. Shampoo manufacturers often use this rule to challenge marketing claims made by competitors, helping to enforce this rule. Although claims can be substantiated, the testing methods and details of the claim are not that simple. For example, many products are recognized to protect hair from damage caused by ultraviolet radiation. While the material responsible for this protection does not preclude UV, it is not often present in concentrations high enough to be effective. The North American Hair Research Institute has a program to certify functional claims based on third party testing. Shampoo made to treat medical conditions such as dandruff, itchy scalp is set as a drug free in the US market. In other parts of the world such as the EU, there is a requirement for anti-dandruff claims to be proven, but not considered a medical problem.
Health risks
A number of contact allergens are used as ingredients in shampoo, and contact allergies caused by shampoos are well known. The patch test can identify the ingredients that the patient is allergic to, after which the doctor can help the patient find a shampoo that is free from the material they are allergic to. The US banned 11 ingredients from shampoo, Canada banned 587, and the EU 1328 ban.
Custom shampoo
Dandruff
Cosmetics companies have developed a special shampoo for those with dandruff. It contains fungicides such as ketoconazole, zinc pyrithione and selenium sulfide, which reduce loose hair by killing Malassezia furfur. Coal Tar and salicylate derivatives are often used as well.
Alternative medicated shampoo available for people who want to avoid heavy chemicals. Organic and natural shampoo can be a suitable alternative. This shampoo often uses tea tree oil, essential oils and extracts.
Colored hair
Many companies have also developed color protective shampoos suitable for colored hair; some of these shampoos contain a gentle cleanser according to their manufacturer.
Gluten-free or wheat-free
Many people suffer from eczema in the palms of their hands and head. Some find that wheat or gluten - a protein found in many grains including wheat - is the cause, especially if they are sensitive to foods containing gluten. Shampoo can accidentally enter the mouth, especially among children, so all individuals who undergo a gluten-free diet may prefer to use gluten-free shampoo. Manufacturers of shampoo began to recognize this gluten-free and wheat-free product is now available.
Wheat derivatives and other granulated gluten materials are commonly used as a binder to help shampoo stick together, and are also used as emollients in the form of oil. The following is a list of shrimp ingredients derived from wheat. Most of these materials do not theoretically contain whole wheat proteins, but trace amounts may be present due to incomplete processing or contamination.
- Triticum vulgare (barley), hordeum vulgare (barley), secale cereale (rye), or avena sativa (oats), including oils, proteins, hydrosilates, or other extracts from any part of the plant./li>
- Tocopherol/tocopheryl acetate (Vitamin E), which may come from wheat
- Hydrolyzed wheat protein or hydrolyzed wheat starch, also sometimes listed as hydrolyzed vegetable protein, stearyldimoniumhydroxypropyl or hydroxypropyltrimonium
- Cyclodextrin, which can be produced from starch by means of enzymatic conversion
- Amino peptide complex
- Maltodextrin, dextrin, dextrin palmitate, or malt extract (hydrolysed)
- Extract Phytosphingosine
- Amino peptide complex
- Prolamine
- Glucan beta
- Disodium wheat germamido PEG-2-sulfosuccinate
- Fermented seed extract
- AMP-Isostearoyl
- PG-Propyl Silanetriol
- PVP crosspolymer
- Ethyldimonium ethosulfate
- Yeast extract
- Phytospingosine Extract
- "Fragrances" is a broad category that may contain many chemicals not otherwise listed on the label.
Organic
The demand for organic products is increasing as more consumers realize the dangerous implications of using non-organic products. In the United States, for shampoo that is certified organic by the USDA, it must be made with only natural ingredients that are not considered toxic to human health (by the USDA) that do not contain genetically modified organisms or synthetic chemical pesticides. Parabens, for example, have been shown to cause birth defects and are carcinogenic and endocrine disruptive. Any toxin in the shampoo can be absorbed by the pores of the skin directly into the bloodstream. Many conventional shampoos are generally pulled back. Materials such as polysorbate 20 are found to be frequently contaminated, and polysorbate 20 is typically almost always contaminated with 1,4-dioxane levels 1,000 higher than those found to cause cancer in experimental animals.
Baby
Shampoos for infants and children are formulated to be less intrusive and usually less prone to produce a stinging or burning sensation if it is to enter the eye. For example, Johnson's Baby Shampoo advertises under the premise of "No More Tears". This is achieved by one or more of the following formulation strategies. dilution
- , if the product comes into contact with the eye after running from the top of the head with less dilution
- adjust the pH with a non-stress tear, about 7, which may be a higher pH than a shampoo whose pH is adjusted for skin or hair effect, and lower than a soap made shampoo
- the use of surfactants which, alone or in combination, are less irritating than those used in other shampoos
- the use of a nonionic surfactant of a polyethoxylated synthetic glycolipid form and polyethoxylated synthetic monoglyceride, which counteracts the surfing of other surfactants without producing an anesthetic effect of alkyl polyethoxy or polyethoxylic alkylphenol
The differences in the above 4 do not fully address the controversy over the use of shampoos to reduce eye shock produced by other materials, or the use of formulated products. Considerations in 3 and 4 often result in a greater diversity of surfactants used in their own shampoo compared to other shampoos, and the detergency or foaming of the product can be compromised as such. Sulfonated sulfonated surfactants and viscosity or foam enhancers that stabilize alkanolamides that are seen so frequently in other shampoos are much less common in better baby shampoos.
Animal
Shampoos intended for animals may contain insecticides or other medications for the treatment of skin conditions or parasitic infestations such as ticks or scabies. It should not be used in humans. While some human shampoos may be harmful when used in animals, human hair care products containing active ingredients or drugs (such as zinc in anti-dandruff shampoo) are potentially toxic when ingested by animals. Special care must be taken not to use the product in pets. Cats have special risks because of their instinctive method of arranging their feathers with their tongues. Shampoos designed specifically for use in pets, generally dogs and cats, are usually meant to do more than just clean the pet's coat or skin. Most of these shampoos contain ingredients that act differently and are intended to treat skin conditions or allergies or fight lice. The main ingredients contained by pet shampoos can be grouped in insecticides, antiseborrheic, antibacterial, antifungal, emollient, emulsifiers and humectants. While some of these ingredients may be efficient in treating some conditions, pet owners are recommended to use them according to their veterinary indication as many of them can not be used on cats or may endanger pets if abused. Generally, pet shampoo insecticides contain pyrethrin, pyrethroids (such as permethrin and which may not be used in cats) and carbaryl. These ingredients are mostly found in shampoos that are meant to counter parasitic infestations. Anti-fungal shampoos are used in pets with yeast infections or ringworm. It may contain ingredients such as miconazole, chlorhexidine, providone iodine, ketoconazole or selenium sulfide (which can not be used in cats). Bacterial infections in pets are sometimes treated with antibacterial shampoos. They generally contain benzoyl peroxide, chlorhexidine, povidone iodine, triclosan, ethyl lactate, or sulfur. An antipruritic shampoo is meant to provide itchy relief due to conditions such as atopy and other allergies. It usually contains colloid oatmeal, hydrocortisone, Aloe vera, pramoxine hydrochloride, menthol, diphenhydramine, sulfur or salicylic acid. These ingredients aim to reduce inflammation, cure conditions and relieve symptoms at the same time while providing comfort to pets. Antiseborrheic shampoos are specially designed for pets with scales or those with excessive oily layers. This shampoo is made from sulfur, salicylic acid, fine tar (which can not be used in cats), selenium sulphide (can not be used in cats) and benzoyl peroxide. All of this is intended to treat or prevent seborrhea oleosa, which is a condition characterized by excess oil. Dry scales can be prevented and treated with shampoos containing sulfuric acid or salicylic acid and which can be used in cats and dogs. Emollient shampoo is efficient in adding oil to the skin and relieves dry and itchy skin symptoms. They usually contain oils such as almonds, corn, cottonseed, coconut, olive, peanut, Persian, safflower, sesame, lanolin, mineral or paraffin oil. Emollient shampoos are usually used with emulsifiers as they help distribute emollients. These include ingredients such as cetyl alcohol, laureth-5, lecithin, PEG-4 dilaurate, stearic acid, stearyl alcohol, carboxylic acids, lactic acid, urea, sodium lactate, propylene glycol, glycerin, or polyvinylpyrrolidone. Although some pet shampoo are very effective, some others may be less effective for some conditions than others. However, although natural pet shampoos exist, it is well known that some of them can cause irritation to the skin of pets. Natural ingredients that may be potential allergens for some pets include extracts of eucalyptus, lemon or orange and tea tree oil. In contrast, oatmeal appears to be one of the most widely tolerated ingredients of skin found in pet shampoos. Most of the ingredients found in shampoo are intended for use in animals that are safe for pets because there is a high probability that pets will lick their coats, especially in the case of cats. Pet shampoos that include perfumery, deodorant or color can harm the skin of a pet by causing inflammation or irritation. Shampoos that contain no unnatural additives are known as hypoallergenic shampoos and are increasingly popular.
Solid
Solid shampoo or shampoo is used as a surfactant soap or other surfactant formulated as solids. They have the advantage of being spill-proof. They are easy to apply; one can rub the blade on top of wet hair, and apply a hair that has been applied to the low foam.
Jelly and gel
Clear gel that can not be poured for kneading from the tube is a popular form of shampoo, and can be produced by increasing the viscosity of the shampoo. This type of shampoo can not spill, but unlike solids, it can disappear in the sewer by shifting the skin or wet hair.
Paste and beige â € <â € <
Shampoos in paste or cream form previously marketed in jars or tubes. The contents are wet but not completely dissolved. They will apply faster than solids and dissolve quickly.
Antibacterial
Antibacterial shampoo is often used in veterinary medicine for various conditions, as well as in humans before some surgical procedures.
No Movement Poo
Closely related to environmentalism, the "no poo" movement consists of people who reject public norms of frequent use of shampoo. Most non-poo movers use baking soda or vinegar to wash their hair, while others use watery honey. Other people do not use anything, rinse their hair only with conditioner.
Theory
In the 1970s, ads featuring Farrah Fawcett and Christie Brinkley confirmed that it was not healthy not to do shampoo several times a week. This mindset is reinforced by an oily taste on the scalp after a day or two does not shampoo. Daily shampoo removes sebum, the oil produced by the scalp. This causes the sebaceous glands to produce oil at a higher rate, to compensate for what is lost during shampooing. According to Michelle Hanjani, a dermatologist at Columbia University, a gradual reduction of shampoo use will cause the sebaceous glands to produce more slowly, resulting in less fat on the scalp. Although this approach may seem unattractive to some individuals, many people try alternative shampoo techniques such as baking soda and vinegar to avoid chemicals and ingredients used in many shampoos that make oily hair over time.
References
External links
- McKie, Robin (2009-03-29). "Shampoo in water supply triggers the growth of deadly deadly bugs". The Guardian .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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