The Center for Continuing Education of the National Institute-McGraw Hill is a private, post-secondary high school, especially the correspondence school, based in Washington, DC, in business from 1914 to 2002. It originally trained students to be radio operators and technicians. In 1922, the term "radiotrician" was created for NRI graduates and registered in the US patent office in 1928. NRI undertook a training course through lessons sent by post, a form of asynchronous learning. The first home-based learning courses offered by NRI are in radio repair (transmitter and receiver) and radio telegraphy & amp; telephone. These courses are designed to be comprehensive, covering all aspects of radio technology, including: radio operations, broadcasting, manufacturing, sales, and services.
Later, the FCC license exam preparation courses are added and, in time, courses are added for students who aspire to be traders in the broader field of electronic equipment services, including: TV & amp; VCR Repair (NRI listed the term "linguist" with US patent office in 1938), basic electronics, automation & amp; control system, avionics & amp; marine communications systems, and even very early computer technology (logic and programming) correspondence courses in 1971. Later, NRI further expanded to include courses in electrical appliance repair, automotive mechanics, small machine repair, building construction, home inspection, air conditioning , cooling, heating, & amp; solar technology, computer repair, locksmith, as well as bookkeeping and accounting. Nevertheless, radio-television-electronics remains its largest division. NRI is America's oldest and largest radio-television-electronic school, a claim they often advertise. The school is an accredited member of the Board of Education and Distance Training, officially known as the House Study Board and now known as the Accreditation Commission for Distance Education.
Video National Radio Institute
Sejarah awal (1914-68)
National Radio School: terutama instruksi kelas
The National Radio School was founded in 1914 in Washington, DC by James Ernest Smith (1881-1973) and Emanuel R. Haas (1891-1947). 1 Smith was a teacher at McKinley Manual Training School (moved in 1926 to its present location and is now known as McKinley Technology High School). He holds a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the Worcester Polytechnic Institute (BSEE, 1906) and started his career at Westinghouse Electric Corporation in Pittsburgh, but he took a sabbatical to teach what was left in the time course of applied electricity for colleagues at McKinley who had fallen sick. This went well and Smith was offered a permanent position at school, which he received. After a while, the students started coming to him for formal personal instruction and this was how the National Radio School began. With encouragement and assistance from Haas, who was then Assistant Director of Publicity for Keith's Theater in Washington DC, a small class was set up for four students in the US Savings Bank Building at 14 and U Street NW, now the site of Frank D. Reeves City Center. Haas became Vice President and Business School Director. Additional students quickly start looking for registration.
In 1915, John Albert Dowie (1886-1958) was hired as Radio Instructor of The National Radio School (later became Chief Instructor) and he stayed in school for 36 years. The first home-study course was developed and implemented by the National Radio School as early as 1916 to accommodate the needs of students who wanted to continue their training but were no longer physically present. During World War I, the facility was expanded due to strong demand for radio operators. By 1917, registration had grown to 150 students.
National Radio Institute: home study course exclusively
In 1918, the US government appointed Smith as director of the Radio Department at Howard University, where he was responsible for Signal Corps training, while Haas was asked to do radio work for Army Official Schools at Yale University and Camp Alfred Vail, Little Perak, New Jersey. Edward L. Degener (1898-1974) joined to oversee advertising and organization in Haas's temporary absence, but persisted afterwards and eventually became General Manager and Treasurer, retired in 1960. After the war, the demand for radio operators continued to increase and, 1920, the class was transferred to Pennsylvania Avenue when the school was renamed the National Radio Institute. In 1923, the business was transferred to Connecticut Avenue NW in Washington D.C., and classroom instruction was stopped entirely so the school could focus only on home-study models. The business quickly surpassed this location, too, and moved to 16th Dan U Street NW in 1927, where it completely and fully occupied the building where it remained for the next 30 years. The building on U Street was built in 1915 and still stands today, currently being occupied by the Center for Community Change.
Publications, technical advisory boards, and alumni associations
In addition to more than 250 textbooks, NRI began, in 1928, to publicize the benefits of its students and alumni of a trade magazine originally called National Radio News, renamed several times to: National Radio - TV News (1950) NRI News (1958), and finally to the NRI Journal (1963). An alumni association was formed on 23 November 1929. At this point, the average annual enrollment of NRI is about 18,000 students. Founded in the same year was the NRI's technical advisory board, which eventually included among its members Lee de Forest, the American inventor of the Triode Audion vacuum tube; renowned radio engineer Cyril M. Jansky Jr.; and Major General George Owen Squier. American electrical engineer Alfred Norton Goldsmith joined the council in 1934, followed in 1935 by the inventor and pioneer of television Philo Farnsworth (1924 alumnus NRI), and Harry Diamond (engineer) in 1938. In 1932, Joseph Kaufman, both graduates of MIT and electrical engineering instructors, are employed as Education Supervisors (later, Director of Education). In 1942, NRI signed him for a dollar a year to the National Bureau of Standards, where he worked with Harry Diamond to develop close-range radios.
Pensions founder and last move
In 1947, Haas died unexpectedly and his responsibilities passed on to James E. Smith's son James Morrison Smith (1916-2010) 2 , also a graduate of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute (BSIE, 1937) and former engineer in US Steel and DuPont. JM Smith has been an executive at school since 1945. In December 1956, James E. Smith was 75 years old and resigned from the presidency, handing over the role to his son while remaining active in the school as founder and Chairman of the Board. The following year, the plan began to build 59,000 square feet of NRI has been specially designed for its needs at 3,939 Wisconsin Avenue NW in Washington DC After the construction of the new building was complete, the school moved in May 1957 and remained at that location until it was closed for four decades later. In 1960, E. L. Degener retired from NRI after 41 years of service.
Ads
The National Radio School and the Institute run ads in its program for decades in magazines such as Boys' Life, Popular Science, Popular Mechanics, Radio-Electronics, and Electronics Illustrated. These ads often contain interesting testimonials from NRI graduates, but occasionally by popular and/or successful spokespeople who are not alumni of NRI. For example, Tom McCahill authorized an NRI tool repair program in a 1975 ad on Popular Mechanics. According to one source, direct marketing ads were largely discontinued in the mid-1970s. 3
Maps National Radio Institute
Conar Instruments (1962)
NRI home study courses include devices used by students to construct circuits or all radio/stereo receivers, television receivers, and various test instruments (analogue multimeters, tube testers, oscilloscopes, signal generators, etc.). The goal is to provide them with practical experience, in addition to the theoretical knowledge they gain from reading course material, as well as to provide them with an affordable service tool through which they can practice their new trade. In 1962, NRI began selling this device, which is similar to a product marketed by Heathkit, commercially to consumers under the brand name Conar Instruments. In the mid-1960s, Conar briefly experimented with Ham's radio business by offering what is today known as the Conar Twins, a pair of transmitters and receivers. Many of the transmitters and receivers that use these vacuum tubes can still be found on Hamfests and nostalgic events.
Acquisition and operations, such as NRI Schools, by McGraw-Hill Education (1968-99)
In the second half of the 1960s, NRI acknowledged that its limited resources would deter from maintaining its leadership position within the industry in the coming decade. James Morrison Smith then set out to find a partner/buyer. In 1968, McGraw-Hill Education agreed to buy an NRI, after purchasing a corresponding division (20%) from the Capitol Radio Engineering Institute in 1964. At this time, more than one million students have completed the NRI course. McGraw-Hill has anticipated this will open up new markets for technical books, while NRI expects significant profits for the acquisition of their ability to leverage the extensive technical publishing resources of its new owners. The name McGraw-Hill began to appear in the NRI Journal in 1970. It was 1973 when the name McGraw-Hill began appearing in the catalog of copyright entries for the NRI course at the US Congress Library, and in 1974 when it began appearing in magazine ads. After finishing the deal, the school was renamed once again to NRI School , and became part of the newly established McGraw-Hill Sustainable Education Center /b> .
The founder, James E. Smith, remained the head of the NRI School until his death in 1973 while his son, James Morrison Smith, continued to serve as president, a post he held since 1956. After the death of James E. Smith in September 1973 and semi-retired (John F. ("Jack") Thompson (1931-2015), who joined NRI in 1955, became president and CEO of the School NRI and senior vice president of McGraw-Hill Center for Sustainable Education, remained in that role until retiring in 1984. 4 Thompson was replaced by Edward B. "Ted" Beach (1934-1999), who was appointed director of the department education at McGraw Hill's Center for Sustainable Education. Beach retired in 1989 after 28 years working with NRI. The last director/general manager of the school is Nick Maruhnich (born 1951), who is senior vice president of special projects at McGraw-Hill Companies and general manager of McGraw-Hill Continuing Education Center - NRI Schools.
By the mid-1980s, the average annual enrollment of the NRI School had reached about 60,000, a substantial increase of over 38,000 a few years earlier. The NRI School claims to be the first organization to educate students on digital computers with training software and use multimedia and Web computers to familiarize students with cutting-edge technology. Under McGraw-Hill's management, the school also branched out into many other areas of training, including computer repair, as discussed in the introduction. However, in the 1990s an irreversible economic and technological development has opened up which has a negative impact on business. Finally, NRI Schools surrendered to this market power.
School Closing NRI (1999-2002)
School closure is primarily a case of labor economy. Throughout its existence, NRI is a leading business and a respected vocational school. The closure was less related to the rise and fall of nonprofit schools and more related to the rapid technological developments and changes in consumer attitudes that occurred around the end of the twentieth century, as well as inadequate school diversification. Simply put, radio-television-electronics (the main focus area of ​​schools) reaches a point where it is no longer considered a lucrative career path, as consumers begin to feel that most electronic goods are disposable goods. Consequently, McGraw-Hill concludes that NRI School's future business prospects and opportunities for growth are too limited, despite an increase in operations and profits made after the acquisition and addition of more contemporary computer repair programs. Their fall gradually in the beginning - the NRI Journal publication was discontinued in 1980 but, over the next decade, the digital revolution, VLSI, and miniaturization went well, all of which helped set the stage for the end of school closure.
Market Strength Determinants
Erosion of price and end of American domination in TV/radio production
The technological advances that occurred during this period, combined with low production costs (eg from offshoring), resulted in fierce global competition in semiconductor and electronic manufacturing industries in the last two decades of the twentieth century, helping to drive continuous erosion of their product prices. The market share and income from American television and radio producers, for example, dropped dramatically with the success of foreign producers. In the 1980s, imported radio and television receivers (mainly from Japan) dominated the American market. These products are widely tested by manufacturers so that, in the eyes of consumers, the units show higher reliability and better quality at lower prices. Many American TV and radio producers are forced out of business. One-by-one, these companies shut down, sell their assets, or stop their domestic radio/TV production: Quasar (brand)/Motorola (1974); Magnavox (1974); Admiral (electrical equipment) (1979); GTE (1981), including Sylvania Electric Products and Philco; Curtis Mathes Corporation (1982); General Electric (1985); and RCA (1986). The last US manufacturer producing domestic television receivers was Zenith Electronics, which sold its controlling stake to Korean company LG Electronics in 1995. Being a subsidiary of LG in 1999.
Influence of advanced technology in the electronic services sector and NRI Schools
Technological advances play a major role in the loss of TV/radio service work over this time period. At least three contributing factors can be selected:
1) Weak justification of costs for improvement: It becomes difficult for consumers to justify the repair of non-functioning electronic items when purchasing a new model is very affordable, as a result of advances in semiconductors and electronic materials. technology. With the exception of display technologies, newer televisions and radio receivers generally have fewer internal components and are smaller in size and, thus, less costly to produce. The justification of weak costs for repairs remains a current factor with most consumer electronics.
2) Ease of repair : In the early 1980s most TV and radio manufacturers produced solid-state devices with modular chassis designs, which meant technicians needed less formal training to make improvements as component-level breaking was no longer often done or needed. This is similar to a situation with an older set of tubes, where repairs often only take replacing vacuum tubes. By the end of this decade, some solid-state TV manufacturers produce sets where electronic circuits, on the whole, for all receivers are on one replaceable printed circuit board. Today, the opposite is true. The flat-screen television receiver is harder to fix than the old CRT set, and parts are hard to get from the factory, with long waiting times.
3) Outdated equipment : In the late 1990s, the death of analog electronics ensured the technological obsolescence of many traditional mainstays of the consumer audio/video services industry, such as cathode ray tubes (CRTs) television sets, video cassette recorders, the LaserDisc player, as well as the recorder/player, stereo console, and component stereo system. These items are replaced with cheaper and/or more portable devices, high-tech devices with advanced features that utilize digital signal processing and computer technology that are valued by consumers. Unfortunately, the new products are difficult to repair or economically unfeasible to repair. Today, rapid technological advances often make electronic equipment obsolete within a relatively short time after purchase.
The development of America towards this discarded society drastically changed the outlook for employment in the electronics services sector. For example, according to the Professional Services Association, the number of TV workshops fell from 20,000 in 1992 to 9,000 in 2002 and to around 7,000 in 2007. From 2011 to 2016, the average annual growth rate of the electronic and computer repair services industry is -1, 0%. The corresponding effect, for the NRI School, is a sharp decline in enrollment. However, many of the NRI's competitors in the home-study business (see below) survived these difficult times by greatly diversifying their academic offerings to include non-technical training that is more relevant to contemporary society.
Ironically, another job that disappears due to advanced technology, is the profession of the operator of the semiconductor manufacturing process. Improvements in technology have made integrated circuits smaller, essentially invisible to the naked eye. Because the components are so small, it becomes impossible for humans to handle these semiconductor chips in production, because the chip is very sensitive to dust and other particles. As a result, there has been a decline in the work of semiconductor processors over the years, as robots and automation have taken over the jobs once held by humans. Thus, the process operators responsible for building outdated electronic components of the service industry of electronic equipment and other professions (eg telephone operators, camera repairs, clock watchers, etc.), Prepare to eventually become abandoned workers.
School closures and heritage
In the end, after an electronic radio-television service that seemed to lose its appeal as a trade, McGraw-Hill announced that the NRI School would be removed, simply quoting "market changes". The NRI School stopped receiving new enrollment on 1 April 1999 and ceased operations on March 31, 2002, giving this institution an honorable 88-year existence in the distance education business.
Over the course of his lifetime, NRI manages 1.5 million correspondence courses and has managed to adapt to the training of its students through an introduction to major technical transformations in the radio-television-electronics industry during that time period: from vacuum tubes to solid-state devices (first to discrete transistors and then to integrated circuits); from CRT to flat panel display; increased popularity of cable television and decreased terrestrial television; the transition from an electro-mechanical tuner to fully microprocessor-controlled receivers, as well as the introduction of personal computers. NRI schools were closed seven years before the transition of digital television in the United States. After school closed, the Wisconsin Avenue property was purchased and occupied by Fannie Mae, whose headquarters are directly across the street.
Famous Alumni
- Philo Farnsworth, American inventor and pioneer of television (completing an NRI radio service course during his freshman year at Brigham Young University)
- Ralph H. Baer, ​​German-American inventor and engineer, often called "the father of video games" (1940 alumnus of the NRI radio course course)
- John Fetzer, a radio and television executive (served as the first president of the NRI alumni association)
- Polk Perdue, son of Hub Perdue, professional baseball player and manager
- Richard Hoyt Moore (1897-1987), Indiana State Senator
- Charles H. Caldwell (1915-1989), a prominent Kentucky businessman, urban development and civilian leader
- Henry W. Gould (born 1928), Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at West Virginia University
- Hugh Robert Carlon, American chemical engineer, author, and inventor; Works for the US Army Chemical Research and Development Laboratories at Edgewood Arsenal at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland.
American schools are similar to NRI
During the twentieth century several American engineering schools existed, offering correspondence courses similar to NRIs. These include the following:
- International Correspondence Schools, now Penn Foster Career School (founded in 1890, in Scranton, PA) (still open)
- Massey Technical Institute (founded in 1894 in Jacksonville, FL) (now dead)
- Coyne Electrical School, now Coyne College (founded 1899) (still open)
- National Technical Schools (founded in 1905 in Los Angeles, CA) (now dead)
- Capitol Radio Engineering Institute (founded 1927 in Washington D.C.) (still open)
- DeVry Technical Institute (founded in 1931 at Chicago IL as Deforest Training Inc.) (still open)
- Cleveland Institute of Electronics (founded in 1934 in Cleveland, OH) (still open)
- Sprayberry Academy of Radio (founded in 1943, in Washington D.C. but also operates outside Pueblo, CO, and Chicago, IL) (now dead)
- American Basic Science Club (founded 1957 in San Antonio, TX) (now dead)
Some of these schools survive by diversifying their academic offerings. For example, including face-to-face courses and virtual classes in business administration, medical technology, medical billing & amp; coding, among other programs, with some schools offering associates, bachelors, and even postgraduate degrees.
Note
1 The year of birth Smith was mistakenly reported as 1889 in several sources. However, in the article "The Story of the National Institute of Radio," which appeared in the journal National Radio News 1944, the date of birth and place of Smith was given on 3 February 1881 in Rochester, New Hampshire.
2 The WPI funder publications from September, 2010, include J. Morrison Smith (from class 1937) and his father (class 1906) as the deceased. J. Morrison Smith died in February 2010 in South Carolina at age 93 after initially retiring to North Carolina.
3 However, in the late 1970s, through the 1980s, and the 1996 commercial appeared on Popular Mechanics for NRI courses in audio/video services, computer repair, home inspection. , automotive service, master locksmithing, small engine repair, air conditioning/heating/cooling, and electrical installations and repairs.
4 obituary claims Thompson Thompson served as president and CEO of the NRI School from 1973 until he resigned in 1984 to start his own consulting firm. A January 1974 NRI Journal article confirms Thompson succeeded J. Morrison Smith as president in 1973.
Source
- http://www.americanradiohistory.com/National_Radio_Institute_Practical_Radio_1930.htm
- https://books.google.com/books?id=HNgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=NRI NATIONAL RADIO INSTITUTE appliance repair & amp; s = = 26PuT_H35GdHfPSSQlK3P3l3Q & amp = ; hl = en & amp; sa = X & amp; ved = 0ahUKEwiRlJOtnv3OAhVE4CYKHeHjAeQQ6AEIRTAF # v = onepage & amp; q = NRI% 20NATIONAL% 20RADIO% 20INSTITUTE% 20appliance% 20repair & amp; f = false
- http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Electronics-Illustrated/Electronics-Illustrated-1964-03.pdf
- http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=natradionews
- http://tenwatts.blogspot.com/2009/01/be-radio-technician.html
- http://www.itsallaboutfamily.com/j3/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=456&Itemid=207&lang=id
- http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Catalogs/Allied-Catalogs/Conar 66.pdf
- http://www.qsl.net/k4tfj/Conar/conar.html
- https://books.google.com/books?id=EE5WoNJ1g-IC&pg=PT196&lpg=PT196&dq=national radio institute mcgraw hill cont ed ctr & amp; source = bl & amp; ots = hOyQ-0t7fC & amp; sig = ywKBGGSO47cUWNAu48prY0nBbgU & amp; hl = en & amp; sa = X & amp; ved = 0ahUKEwiq0_qFvoLPAhWM5iYKHZyTAf44ChDoAQg4MAQ # v = onepage & amp; q = national% 20radio% 20institute% 20mcgraw% 20hill% 20cont% 20ed% 20ctr & amp; f = false
- https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2YEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=NRI popular mechanics 1996 locksmith & amp; source = bl & amp; ots = MQgRRZLXWu & amp; sig = RzzKLnyZOKT -FO7Lhc288fuUlhk & amp ; hl = en & amp; sa = X & amp; ved = 0ahUKEwi8z5iqu5vPAhVi5IMKHStDCp4Q6AEIHjAA # v = onepage & amp; q = NRI% 20popular% 20mechanics% 201.996% 20locksmith & amp; f = false
- http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/capitalgazette/obituary.aspx?n=john-thompson&pid=174337672
- http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2004-01-14-electronic-repairs_x.htm
- https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED047248.pdf
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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