mechanical floor , mechanical penthouse , or mechanical level is a story of high-rise buildings dedicated to mechanical and electronic equipment. "Mechanics" is the most commonly used term, but words like utilities , technical , services , and grow > is also used. They are present in all tall buildings including the world's highest skyscrapers with significant structural, mechanical and aesthetic problems.
While most buildings have mechanical spaces, usually in basements, tall buildings require special floors throughout the structure for this purpose, for the various reasons discussed below. Because they use valuable floor areas (such as elevator shafts), engineers try to minimize the amount of mechanical flooring while allowing for considerable redundancy in the services they provide. As a rule of thumb, skyscrapers require a mechanical floor for every ten-floor tenants (10%) although this percentage can vary greatly (see example below). In some buildings they are grouped into groups that divide buildings into blocks, in other buildings they are spread evenly through the structure, while in others it is still largely concentrated at the top.
The mechanical flooring is generally calculated in building floor numbering (this is required by some building codes) but only accessible by the service lift. In some laws they have been excluded from the calculation of the maximum floor area, leading to a significant increase in the size of the building; this is the case in New York City. Sometimes buildings are designed with a mechanical floor located on the thirteenth floor, to avoid trouble in renting space due to the superstition of that amount.
Video Mechanical floor
Kekhawatiran struktural
Some skyscrapers have narrow core buildings that require stabilization to prevent collapse. Usually this is done by combining the cores into external supercolumns periodically using an outrigger rod. The triangular shape of the struts obstructs the laying of the floor of the tenant, so these parts use a mechanical floor instead, usually in groups of two. Additional stabilizing elements such as adjusted mass silencers also require mechanical flooring to accommodate or serve them.
This layout is usually reflected in the internal elevator zoning. Since most lifts require the engine room on the last floor they serve, mechanical floors are often used to split the shafts piled on top of each other to save space. The transfer rate or skylobby is sometimes placed just below the floor.
Elevators that reach the top floor of the tenant also require engine space overhead; sometimes incorporated into full-size mechanical floors but most often into mechanical penthouses, which can also contain communications equipment and window washers. In most building designs, this is a simple "box" on the roof, above the others hidden inside the ornamental tower. The consequence of this is that if the topmost mechanical floor is calculated in total, there will be no such thing as the "top floor office" in the skyscraper with this design.
Maps Mechanical floor
Mechanical Concerns
In addition to structural support and elevator management, the main objectives of the mechanical floor are heating, ventilation and air conditioning, and other services. They contain electric generators, chiller plants, water pumps, and so on.
In particular, the problem of carrying and storing water upstairs is an important constraint in the design of skyscrapers. Water is required for the use of tenants, air conditioning, cooling equipment, and basic fire extinguishers through sprinklers (especially important because ground-based fire-fighting equipment usually can not reach more than a dozen or more floors). This is inefficient, and rarely done, for water pumps to send water directly to a height of several hundred meters, so that intermediate pumps and water tanks are used. Pumps on each cluster of mechanical flooring act as relays to the next, while the tank holds backup water for normal and emergency use. Usually the pump has enough power to cut one level if the pump there has failed, and send the water two levels up.
Particular attention is paid to fire safety on mechanical floors that contain generators, compressors, and elevator engine rooms, since oil is used as fuel or lubricants in these elements.
The mechanical floor also contains a communication and control system that serves the building and sometimes outgoing communication, such as through large roof antennas (which are also physically held inside the upper-floor mechanical level).
Modern computer HVAC control systems minimize equipment distribution issues between floors, by enabling the central remote control.
Aesthetic problems
Most mechanical floors require external vents or grilles for ventilation and heat rejection in most or all of their perimeters, obstructing the use of glass windows. The visible "dark band" can disrupt the overall facade design especially if it is fully coated with glass. Different architectural styles approached these challenges in different ways.
In the Modern and International styles of the 1960s and 1970s where form follows function, the presence of ventilation is not seen as undesirable. Rather it emphasizes the functional layout of the building by dividing it neatly into the same block, reflecting the layout of the elevator and the office inside. This can be seen clearly at the World Trade Center's Twin Towers and can be seen in the Willis Tower. In the IDS Tower in Minneapolis, the lowest mechanical floor serves as a visual separator of the Crystal Court shopping center on the street and at the sky level and the office tower above; the upper mechanical floor (above floors 50 and 51, the top floor occupied) serves as the "crown" for the building.
Instead, the designers of new postmodern style skyscrapers are trying to cover up vents and other mechanical elements in clever and clever ways. This is achieved by means such as complex wall angles (Petronas Towers), elaborate grid lining (Jin Mao Building), or non-glass-like ornament-looking parts (Taipei 101, the roof of the Jin Mao Building ).
Example
This is an example of a mechanical floor laying on the ground for some of the tallest buildings in the world. In each case, the mechanical penthouse and tower are counted as floors, leading to a higher total number of floors than usual.
- Taipei 101 : Floors 7-8, 17-18, 25-26, 34, 42, 50, 58, 66, 74, 82, 87, 90, 92 to 100 in the penthouse (17/102 total, or 17%). The official count of 11 corresponds to the number of groups in the office. The 92-100 floor contains "communications equipment" and usually does not count as a mechanic because they do not serve the building itself.
- One World Trade Center : Floor 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 91, 92, 93, 103, 104.
- Previous WTC (Twin Towers): Floors 7-8, 41-42, 75-76, and 108-109 (total 8/110, 7%). The 110th floor of the WTC (North Tower) accommodates television and radio transmission equipment. Some sources mistakenly mention 12 floors, in group 3, due to the height of the ventilation (actually the ceiling there is higher) and because the levels 44 and 78 are skylobbies that in many buildings sit just above the mechanical floor. But the twin towers have one office floor occupied beneath each skylobby, accessible via an escalator.
- Willis Tower (Previous Tower of Sears): Levels 29-32, 64-65, 88-89, 104-108, 109 (penthouse), and 110 roof of penthouse) - total 15/110, 13%.
- Petronas Towers : Floors 6-7, 38-40, 43, 84, 87-88 (total 9/88, 10%) ( New York Times , Elevator World Magazine )
- Jin Mao Building : Floor 51-52, and 89-93 in penthouse (7/93 total, 7.5%) (SkyscraperPage)
- Burj Khalifa : Floors 17-18, 40-42, 73-75, 109-111, 136-138, 155, and 160-168, in the penthouse, (total 25/168, 15%)
- John Hancock Center : Floor 16-17, 42-43, 93, 99-100 (penthouse) - 7/100 total, 7%
- Empire State Building : Floor 87-101 - 15/102 total, 14%
- International Trade Center : Floors 6-7, 17-18, 24-25, 34, 43, 52, 61, 70, 79, 88, 97, 104 and 114 (total 17/118, 14%)
- Shanghai World Financial Center : Floors 6, 18, 30, 42, 54, 66, 78, 89, and 90 (total 9/100, 9%)
- Lotte World Tower : 3-4, 13, 21-23, 39-41, 59, 60, 72-75, 83, 84, 102-106, 115, and 116 ( total 24/123, 20%)
- A case study for Central Plaza Hong Kong by the Department of Architecture of the University of Hong Kong, Energy Features section
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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