The condition of skin is a medical condition that affects the covering system - an organ system that covers the body and includes skin, hair, nails, and associated muscles and glands. The main function of this system is as a barrier to the external environment.
The condition of the human-covering system is a broad spectrum of diseases, also known as skin diseases, as well as many nonpathologic states (such as, under certain circumstances, melanonychia and racket nails). While only a small number of skin diseases are the cause of most doctor visits, thousands of skin conditions have been described. The classification of these conditions often presents many nosologis challenges, since underlying causes and pathogens are often unknown. Therefore, recent textbooks provide location-based classification (eg, mucous membrane conditions), morphology (chronic decay conditions), causes (skin conditions due to physical factors), and so on.
Clinically, the diagnosis of certain skin conditions is done by collecting pertinent information about an emerging skin lesion, including location (such as arm, head, leg), symptoms (pruritus, pain), duration (acute or chronic), setting (solitary, general, , linear), morphology (macula, papules, vesicles), and color (red, blue, brown, black, white, yellow). The diagnosis of many conditions often also requires a skin biopsy that produces histologic information that can be correlated with clinical presentation and laboratory data. The introduction of cutaneous ultrasound has enabled the detection of skin tumors, inflammatory processes, nail disorders and hair diseases.
Video Cutaneous condition
Skin layers involved
The average skin weight of 4 kg (8.8 pounds), covers an area of ​​2 m 2 (22 m²), and is made of three different layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The two main types of human skin are bare skin, non-skin on palms and soles (also referred to as "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin. In the latter type, hair in a structure called a pilosebaceous unit has hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and associated pili arrector muscles. In embryos, the epidermis, hair, and glands are derived from the ectoderm, which is chemically affected by the underlying mesoderm that forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
Epidermis
The epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin, squamous epithelium with several strata: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and basal stratum. Food is provided for these layers by diffusion from the dermis, due to the epidermis without direct blood supply. The epidermis contains four types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Of these, keratinocytes are the main component, which accounts for about 95% of the epidermis. These laminated squamous epithelium are maintained by cell division in the stratum basal, where the differentiating cells slowly shift out through the stratum spinosum to the stratum corneum, where cells are continuously released from the surface. In normal skin, the production rate is equal to the rate of loss; about two weeks is required for cells to migrate from the basal cell layer to the top of the granular cell layer, and an additional two weeks to cross the stratum corneum.
Dermis
The dermis is the skin layer between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, and consists of two parts, the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis. The superficial papillary dermis interdigitates with the back of the epidermal retention above it, where the two layers interact through the basement membrane zone. The structural components of the dermis are collagen, elastic fibers, and the basic substance also called extra fibrillar matrix. In this component are pilosebaceous units, pili arrector muscles, and eccrine and apocrine glands. The dermis contains two vascular tissues that run parallel to the skin surface - a shallow and one deep plexus - which is connected by a vertical communication vessel. The function of blood vessels in the dermis is fourfold: to supply nutrients, regulate temperature, modulate inflammation, and participate in wound healing.
Subcutaneous network
Subcutaneous tissue is the fat layer between the dermis and the underlying fascia. This tissue can be subdivided into two components, the actual fat layer, or panniculus adiposus, and a deeper vestigial layer of muscle, panniculus carnosus. The main cellular components of this tissue are adipocytes, or fat cells. This tissue structure consists of a septum (ie a linear strand) and a lobular compartment, which differs in microscopic appearance. Functionally, subcutaneous fat protects the body, absorbs trauma, and serves as a backup energy source.
Maps Cutaneous condition
Skin diseases
Skin diseases include skin infections and skin neoplasms (including skin cancer).
History
In 1572, Geronimo Mercuriali of ForlÃÆ'¬, Italy, completed the De morbis cutaneis (translated "On skin disease"). It is considered the first scientific work dedicated to dermatology.
Diagnosis
The physical examination of the skin and its complement, as well as the mucous membrane, forms the basis for accurate diagnosis of skin conditions. Most of these conditions are present with skin surface changes called "lesions," which have more or less different characteristics. Often an appropriate examination will guide the physician to obtain appropriate historical information and/or laboratory tests that can confirm the diagnosis. After examination, important clinical observations are (1) morphology, (2) configuration, and (3) distribution of lesion (s). With regard to morphology, early lesions characterizing a condition are known as "primary lesions," and the identification of the lesion is the most important aspect of skin examination. Over time, these primary lesions may continue to develop or be modified by regression or trauma, resulting in "secondary lesions." However, with it stated, the lack of standardization of basic dermatology terminology has become one of the major obstacles to successful communication among physicians in describing skin findings. There are, however, several commonly accepted terms used to describe the macroscopic morphology, configuration, and distribution of skin lesions, listed below.
Lesions
Primary lesions
- Macule : The macula is a surface color change, without elevation or depression and, therefore, can not be reflected, good or unclear, of any size, but is generally considered to be less than 5 or 10 mm diameter at the widest point.
- Patch : Patches are large macules equal to or greater than 5 or 10 mm, depending on the definition of a person's macule. Patches may have subtle surface changes, such as fine scaling or wrinkling, but even if surface consistency changes, the lesion itself is not palpable.
- Papule : Papules are rigid and solid skin without any visible fluid, their size varies from pinhead to less than 5 or 10 mm in widest point.
- Plaque : Plaque has been described as a broad papule, or papula encounter equal to or greater than 1 cm, or as an elevation lesion such as a larger plateau in diameter. than in the depths.
- Nodule : Nodules are morphologically similar to papules because the palpaple round lesion is less than 1 cm. However, it is distinguished by being centered more deeply in the dermis or subcutis.
- Tumors: Similar to nodules but more than 1 cm in diameter.
- Vesicles : A vesicle is a small blister, a limited increase in epidermis, contains fluids, generally considered less than 5 or 10 mm at its widest point. The liquid is a clear serous fluid. Bulls : A bull is a large blister, a spherical or irregular blister containing serous or seropurulent fluid, equal to or greater than 5 or 10 mm, depending on the definition of a person's vesicles.
- Pustule : A pustule is a minor raising of the skin containing a cloudy or purulent material (pus) usually consisting of necrotic inflammatory cells. It can be either white or red.
- Cyst : Cysts are fluid-filled, semi-solid, or solid-colored epithelial cavities.
- Erosion : Erosion is a skin discontinuity that indicates an incomplete disappearance of the epidermis, a damp, limited, and usually depressed lesion.
- Boils : An ulcer is a skin discontinuity that indicates the loss of the epidermis and the frequent parts of the dermis and even subcutaneous fat.
- Fissure : Fissures are usually narrow but deep cracks in the skin.
- Weal : A weal is a round or flattened red or rounded plaque, which is characteristically quickly lost, disappears within 24 to 48 hours. Bubbles that temporarily arise on tight skin at properly administered intradermal injection sites are also called welt, with the ID injection process itself often referred to simply as "raising the load" in medical texts.
- Telangiectasia : Telangiectasia symbolizes enlargement of superficial blood vessels to the visible point.
- Burrow : A burrow appears as a slightly higher, grayish, winding line on the skin, and caused by a digging organism.
Secondary lesions
- Scale : dry or oily keratin lamination mass representing the thickened stratum corneum.
- Crust : dry sebum, pus, or blood is usually mixed with epithelial remains and sometimes bacteria.
- Lichenification : epidermal thickening is characterized by visible and palpable skin thickening with emphasized skin markings.
- Excoriation : a linear curve or abrasion produced by a mechanical device (often scratched), usually involving only the epidermis, but generally reaching the papillary dermis.
- Induration : thickening of the dermis that causes the skin surface to feel thicker and firmer.
- Atrophy : refers to tissue loss, and may be epidermal, dermal, or subcutaneous. With epidermal atrophy, the skin looks thin, translucent, and wrinkled. Dermal or subcutaneous atrophy is represented by depression in the skin.
- Maseration : softens and whitens on skin due to wet consistency.
- Umbilication : the formation of depression at the top of papules, vesicles, or pustules.
- Phyma: Tuberkulum on the outside of the body, as in phymatous rosacea
Configuration
"Configuration" refers to how lesions are grouped locally ("organized"), which contrasts with how they are distributed (see next section).
Distribution
"Distribution" refers to how lesions are localized. They may be limited to one area (patch) or may exist in some places. Some distributions correlate with the means by which a particular area becomes affected. For example, contact dermatitis correlates with the location where allergens have generated an allergic immune response. The varicella zoster virus is known to recur (after initial presentation as chickenpox) as herpes zoster ("shingles"). Chicken pox appears almost everywhere in the body, but herpes zoster tends to follow one or two dermatomes; for example, an eruption may appear along the bra line, on one or both sides of the patient.
Histopathology
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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