C is the third letter in the English alphabet and the alphabet letters of many other writing systems that inherit it from Latin alphabet. It is also the third letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is named cee (pronounced ) in English.
Video C
History
"C" comes from the same letter as "G". Semites call it a gimel. These marks may be adapted from Egyptian hieroglyphs to sling staff, which is probably the meaning of the name gimel . Another possibility is that it depicts a camel, a Semitic name that is gamal . Barry B. Powell, a specialist in the history of writing, states: "It is hard to imagine how gimel =" camel "can be derived from the image of a camel (perhaps showing the hump, or head and neck!)".
In Etruscan, the plosive consonant has no contradictory voice, so the Greek '?' (Gamma) is adopted into the Etruscan alphabet to represent /k/. Already in the Western Greek alphabet, the first Gamma takes shape 'in the Early Etruscans, then' 'in Etruscan Classics. In Latin it finally takes the form of ' c ' in Classic Latin. In early Latin inscriptions, the letters ckq 'are used to represent the /k/ and /?/ (which is not distinguished in writing). From this, ' q ' is used to represent /k/ or /?/ before the round vowel, ' k ' before ' a ', and ' c ' elsewhere. During the 3rd century BC, modified characters were introduced for /?/, and ' c ' itself is preserved for /k/. The use of ' c ' (and its variant ' g ') replaces most of the use of ' k ' and ' q '. Therefore, in the classical period and after, ' g ' is treated as equivalent to Greek gamma, and ' c ' as the equivalent of kappa; this shows in the romanization of Greek words, as in '??????', '?????', and '?????' come to Latin as ' cadmvs ', ' cyrvs ' and ' phocis ', respectively.
Other letters have a homogeneous letter for 'c' but not analogue in use and derivation, such as the Cyrillic letters Es (?,?) Derived from the crescent sigma, named for its resemblance to the crescent moon.
Maps C
Later use
When the Roman alphabet was introduced to England ,? C? represents only /k/, and the value of this letter has been retained in loan words for all narrow Celtic languages: in Welsh, Irish, Gaelic ,? c? just represents /k/. The Old Latin English writing system was studied from the Celtic, seemingly Irish; therefore? c? in Old English also originally represented /k/; The modern English words broken, broken, damaged, bold and looking, are all derived from the Old English word written with? c?: cyn, brecan, brocen, ÃÆ'¾icc , and sÃÆ' Â © oc . But during the Old English period, /k/ before the front vowel (/e/ and /i/) is palatalized, after changing in the tenth century into [t?] , though? C? still used, as in cir (i) ce, wrecc (e) a . On the continent, meanwhile, similar phonetic changes have also occurred (for example, in Italian).
In Latin Vulgar, /k/ becomes palatalized into [t?] in Italy and Dalmatia; in France and the Iberian peninsula, it becomes [ts] . But for this new sound? c ? still used before the letter? e? and I?. The letter represents two different values. Next, the Latin phoneme /k?/ (spelled qv ?) Labalized to /k/ has /k/ before the front vowel. Besides, Norman uses letters? K? so the sound of /k/ can be well represented? k? or? c, the last one can represent /k/ or /ts/ depending on whether it precedes the front vowel or not. Conventions use both? C? and? k? applied to English writing after the Norman Conquest, led to the spelling of Old English words. So while Old English candel, clif, corn, plant, caÃÆ'º, remain unchanged, Cent, caÃÆ'Â|Ã,Â'? (cÃ… © Ã,Â'?), cyng, brece, sÃÆ' Â © oce, now (without sound change) spelled 'Kent', 'ke', 'kyng', 'breke', and ' seoke '; even cniht ('knight') is then changed to 'kniht' and ÃÆ'¾ic ('thick') changed to 'thik' or 'thikk'. Old English 'cw' was also replaced by the French 'qu' so that Old English cwÃÆ' Â © n ('queens') and cwic ('fast') became the language Central English 'quen' 'quik', respectively. The Representation in the International Phonetic Phonetic (IPA)>> [t?] , which Old English denotes /k/ has advanced, also occurs in French, especially from the Latin /k/ before 'a'. In French it is represented by digraphs? Ch ?, as in champ (from Latin camp-um ) and this spelling was introduced into English: the Hatton Gospels, written about 1160, is on Matt. i-iii, children, chyld, riche, mychel, for cild, rice, mycel, from the Old English version from which they were copied. In this case, Old English? C? make room for? k qu ch? but, on the other hand, c? in its new value /ts/ mostly appears in French words like procession, emperice, grace, and also replaced with 'ts' in some Old English words, such as miltse, bletsien, in early Middle English milce, blecien . At the end of the thirteenth century in France and England, this sound /ts/ is described as /s/; and since then? c? has represented /s/ before the front vowel is good for etymological reasons, as in lance, sen, or to avoid ambiguity because "etymological" usage? for /z/, as in ace, mice, once, pence, defense .
So to show etymology, English spelling has suggestions , composing (instead of advize , devize ), while < i> suggestions, devices, dice, ice, rats, twice, etc., do not reflect etymology; example has extended this to hence, pence, defense, etc, where there is no etymological reason to use? c? Former generation also writes sence for resource . Therefore, today's Roman and English languages ​​have a common feature inherited from Latin vulgar spelling conventions in which? take a "hard" or "soft" value depending on the following letter.
Use in system
English
In English orthography ,? C? generally represent the "soft" value before the letter? e? (including Latin digraph? ae? and oe ?, or corresponding ligatures? ÃÆ'Â|? and? oe?) ,? i ?, and? y?, and a "hard" value from before another letter or at the end of a word. However, there are a number of exceptions in English: "soccer" and "celt" are words that have where will be expected.
The "soft"? C? can represent sound in digraf? ci? this time precedes the vowels, like the words 'delicious' and 'appreciate'.
Digraph? Ch? most often represents , but can also represent (especially in Greek words) or (especially in French words). For some English dialects, it may also represent in words like loch , while other speakers say the final sound as . The trigraph? Tch? always represents .
Digraf? Ck? often used to represent sounds after short vowels.
Other languages ​​
In French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian and Portuguese,? C? generally have a "hard" value of /k/ and "soft" values ​​whose pronunciation varies by language. In France, Portugal, Catalan and Spain from Latin America and southern Spain, the soft? the value is /s/ as in English. In Spain speaking in northern and central Spain, which is soft? is an unvoiced dental fricative /?/. In Italy and Romania, which is soft? is [t ??] .
All Baltic-Slavic languages ​​using the Latin alphabet, as well as Albanian, Hungarian, Pashto, some Sami, Esperanto, Ido, Interlingua, and Americanist phonetic notations (and Native American languages ​​that have a practical orthography of it) use c? to represent /t? s/, the alveolar or voiced tooth is not sympathetic. In romanized Mandarin Mandarin, the letters represent a sucked sound version, /t? S?/.
Among the non-European languages ​​that have adopted the Latin alphabet ,? C? representing various voices. Yup'ik, Bahasa Indonesia, Malay, and a number of African languages ​​such as Hausa, Fula, and Manding share the soft Italian value of /t ??/. In Azeri, Crimean Tatars, Kurmanji Kurdish, and Turkish? stands for the voice that sounds from this sound, the sound is colored by postalveolar affricate /d ??/. In Yabem and similar language, like Bukawa ,? C? stands for glotal stop /?/. Xhosa and Zulu use this letter to represent click /?/. In some other African languages, such as Beninese Yoruba ,? C? used for /?/. In Fiji ,? stands for frictional tooth sound /ÃÆ' Â °/, whereas in Somali has a value /?/.
The letter? also used as Cyrillic transliteration ??? in the form of Serbian, Macedonian, and sometimes Ukrainian, along with digraphs? ts?.
Other systems
As phonetic symbols, lowercase letters? c ? is the international symbol of the Alphabet Phonetic (IPA) and X-SAMPA for palatal sound palatalities, and capital? C? is the X-SAMPA symbol for fricative palatal sound.
Digraf
Are there some common digraphs with? C ?, most common? Ch?, Which in some languages ​​(like German) is far more general than? C? alone. ? ch? take different values ​​in other languages.
As in English ,? Ck?, With values ​​/k/, often used after short vowels in Germanic languages ​​such as German and Swedish (but some Germanic languages ​​other uses? Kk vice versa, like the Netherlands and Norway). Digraf? Cz? found in Polish and? cs? in Hungarian, both represent /t ??/. Digraph? Sc? represents /?/ in Old English, Italian, and some language related to Italian (which only occurs before a front vowel, while on the contrary represents a /sk/). The trigraph? Sch? represents /?/ in German.
Related characters
ancestors, descendants and siblings
- ? Ã,: Semim Letter Gimel, from where the following symbols originally came from
- ? ? Ã,: Greek letters Gamma, from where C originated
- Gg: Latin letter G, originating from Latin C
- ? ? Ã,: Greek letters Gamma, from where C originated
- The phonetic alphabet symbol associated with C:
- ? Ã,: Small c with curl
- ? Ã,: withdrawn C
- ? Ã,: Small modifier c
- ? Ã,: Small c translation modifier with curl
- ? Ã,: Small capital c is used in the Ural Phonetic Alphabet.
- C with diacritics:? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? C? c? ? ? A A§? ? ?
- ? ?: Claudian Letter
Ligatures, abbreviations, flags and derived symbols
- Ã, Â ©: copyright symbol
- ? Ã,: degrees Celsius
- Ã, Â ¢ Ã,: sen
- ? Ã,: colÃÆ'³n (currency)
- ? Ã,: Brazilian Cruzeiro (currency)
- ? Ã,: Ghana cedi (currency)
- ? Ã,: European Currency Unit CE
- C: double C
- C: blackletter C
- ? Ã,: Medieval Abbreviations for Latin syllables consist of and com-, Portuguese -us and -os
Code computing
- 1 Also for ASCII based encoding, including families from DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh encodings.
Other representations
See also
- Hard and soft C
References
External links
- Media related to C in Wikimedia Commons
- Definition of dictionary C in Wiktionary
- Definition of dictionary c in Wiktionary
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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