The Mormon Pathfinder is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), also known as the Latter-day Saint, who migrated across the United States from the Midwest to the Salt Lake Valley in what is today is the state of Utah USA. At the time of the ceasefire and exodus planning in 1846, the territory was owned by the Republic of Mexico, which soon after going to war with the United States over Texas annexation. The Salt Lake Valley became America's territory as a result of this war.
The journey was undertaken by some 70,000 people who started with advanced parties sent by church leaders in March 1846 after the assassination of 1844 Mormon leader Joseph Smith insisted that the group could not stay in Nauvoo, Illinois - recently purchased by the church. , repaired, renamed, and developed because of the Missouri Mormon War, departing from the Illinois Mormon War. The well-organized migration of carts began in April 1847, and the period (including flights from Missouri in 1838 to Nauvoo), known as Mormon Exodus, was, by convention among social scientists, traditionally assumed to have ended with the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869. Not everyone is able to transport families by train, and the intercontinental railway network serves only a limited main route, thus migrating the wagon carts to the far west sporadically up to the 20th century.
Video Mormon pioneers
Background migration
Since its founding in 1830, members of the LDS Church have often been abused by their neighbors, partly because of their religious beliefs, sometimes in reaction to the actions and words of the LDS Church and its members and leaders. These and other reasons caused the Church's body to move from one place to another - to Ohio, Missouri, and then to Illinois, where church members built the town of Nauvoo. Sidney Rigdon was First Counselor in the LDS Primary Presidency, and as a spokesperson, Rigdon delivered some controversial sermons in Missouri, including the Sermon on Salt and the 4th of July. These speeches are sometimes considered to contribute to the conflict known as the 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. As a result of the conflict, Mormon was expelled from the country by the Governor of Boggs, and Rigdon and Smith were arrested and imprisoned in Liberty Jail. Rigdon was released with a habeas corpus order and went to Illinois, where he joined the main body of Mormon refugees in 1839. In 1844 Joseph Smith, and his brother Hyrum Smith were murdered by the mafia. while in custody in the city of Carthage, Illinois. In 1846, religious tension reached its peak, and in 1848 the mob burned the Temple of Latter-day Saints in Nauvoo.
According to the church's belief, God inspired Brigham Young, Joseph Smith's successor as President of the Church, to call the Saints (as church members call themselves) to organize and head for the West, beyond the western border of the United States (to the place at that time). Mexico, even though the US Army had captured New Mexico and California in late 1846). During the winter of 1846-47, the leaders of the Latter-day Saints at Winter Quarters and Iowa laid plans for the migration of a large number of Saints, their equipment, and their livestock. It was here that Brigham Young first met Thomas L. Kane, a non-Mormon from Philadelphia with a deep personal connection to the Polk administration. Kane obtained permission for Mormon to winter in the Indian territory, and the site was originally called Kanesville. Brigham Young continued to trust Kane throughout his own life, especially as an intermediary with the often hostile Federal government. This great effort is a significant test of the existing leadership and administrative network capabilities of the recently restructured Church. For his role in migration, Brigham Young is sometimes referred to as "the American Moses."
Brigham Young personally reviewed all the information available in the Valley of Salt Lake and the Great Valley, consulting with mountain men and trappers traveling through Winter Quarters, and meeting with Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, a Jesuit missionary familiar with the Great Basin. The vigilant Young man insists that Mormons should settle in a location that other people do not want, and feel the Salt Lake Valley meet that requirement but will provide many benefits to the Saints.
Maps Mormon pioneers
Company Vanguard in 1847
Brigham Young organized a pioneering company to break the road west to the Rocky Mountains, gathering information about road conditions, including water sources and indigenous peoples, and finally selecting a central gathering point in the Great Basin. The initial company will choose and break the main line in the hope that the pioneers will then maintain and improve it. It is hoped that the group can, if possible, build fords and ferries and plant crops for harvest later. In late February, plans were made to collect portable boats, maps, scientific instruments, farming tools, and seeds. Techniques to irrigate crops are investigated. The new route on the north side of the Platte River was chosen to avoid major interactions with travelers using the Oregon Trail built on the south side of the river. Given the need for the large number of Saints traveling west, Church leaders decided to avoid potential conflicts over pastoral rights, water access and campsites.
In April 1847, Young consulted with members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles who had just returned from the British mission. John Taylor, Parley P. Pratt and Orson Hyde carry the money donated by the English Saints, a map based on John C. Fremont's western expeditions, and instruments for calculating altitude, altitude, temperature and air pressure. The elected members of the pioneer group gathered together, the final inventory was filled, and the group was organized into a military company. The group consisted of 143 people, including three blacks and eight members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, three women, and two children. The cart contains 73 carts, one cannon, 93 horses, 52 donkeys, 66 oxen, 19 cows, 17 dogs and some chickens, and carries enough supplies to fully provide a group for a year. Young divides the group into 14 companies, each with a designated captain. Afraid of the dangers of India, a militia and night guard were formed under the direction of Stephen Markham.
On April 5, 1847, at 2 pm, the wagon train moved west from Winter Quarters to the Great Basin. By early afternoon, they make three miles (5 km) and camp out on the line a few hundred meters from the wooden stand. The journal notes show that Young actively organizes trips, watches for details and occasionally gives a reprimand when Sunday night and recreation becomes rowdy or group members fail to complete their tasks. On one occasion, he punished the camp hunters for wasting meat... killing more than necessary. The camp was awakened by a trumpet at 5 am and the company was expected to be ready to travel. at 7 am. The day trip ends at 8:30 pm and the camp is in bed at 9 pm. The company traveled six days a week, but generally stayed at camp on Sunday to celebrate the Sabbath.
Some camp members were given a special assignment. William Clayton is appointed as a corporate scribe and is expected to record accurate descriptions of their journey and their daily travel distance. After three weeks, Clayton became tired of personally calculating the wheelbarrow revolution and calculating the day's mileage by multiplying the count with the wheel circumference. After consultation with Orson Pratt, a master mathematician, he devised a mechanism consisting of a set of wooden gears attached to the hub of a wheelbarrow, with a "counting" mechanism or recording with a wheel revolution position. Clayton's design, which he calls the roadometer, is the basis for most modern odometers. This equipment was built for the Clayton and Pratt specifications by the Milo Harmon Appleton carpenter and was first used on the morning of May 12, 1847. The roadometer showed that the company averaged between fourteen and twenty miles per day.. Apostle Orson Pratt named scientific observer company. He made ordinary readings on scientific instruments, noted on geological formations and mineral resources, and described plants and animals. The journals kept by Clayton and Pratt have been a valuable resource for historians of the Mormon journey to the west.
Women companies also perform important tasks along the way. While much time is spent on traditional activities such as cooking, sewing, and caring for children, some women serve as clerks and keepers of diaries. Harriet Page Young, Lorenzo Young's wife, was the first woman chosen for the company. He is sick and Lorenzo Young is afraid to leave him and their young children. Another native woman of the company, Ellen Sanders Kimball, wife of Heber C. Kimball, and Clarissa Decker Young, Brigham Young's wife, were asked to accompany the group to keep Harriet Young and accompany her. The three women joined a larger group of female church members from Mississippi who joined the main party in Laramie, Wyoming.
The first segment of the trip, from Winter Quarters to Fort Laramie took six weeks, with the company arriving at the castle on June 1st. The company stopped for repairs and to resell the draft animals. While in Fort Laramie, the pioneer company joined the members of the Mormon Battalion who had been released from duty for illness and sent to winter in Pueblo, Colorado. Also traveling in a new group are Church members from Mississippi who have taken a more southerly route to the Great Basin. At this point, the now larger company picks up an already established Oregon Trail toward the trading post at Ft. Bridger. At the difficult intersection of Platte, shortly before meeting the Sweetwater River, the company used their portable boat and was able to wade with comparative ease. Seize the opportunity to help potential travelers and increase the money available for migration, nine people under Thomas Grover's direction were left to build and operate the ferry at the site. Missourians and other travelers on the river pay Saints $ 1.50 or more per cart to help them cross over.
During the last week of June, Sam Brannan, leader of the Mormon emigration ship Brooklyn, met a company near Green River, Wyoming. He reports to Young about his successful group trip and their settlement in what is now San Francisco, California. He urged the pioneer companies to proceed to California but could not shift the leader's focus from the Great Basin. Young also met with mountain man Jim Bridger on June 28. They discussed possible routes to the Salt Lake Valley, and the feasibility of decent settlements in the mountain valley of Great Basin. Bridger is very enthusiastic about settlements near Lake Utah, reporting good fish, wild fruit, wood and grazing. She told Young that the local Indians planted good crops, including corn and pumpkin, but there was always a danger of ice. The company pushed through the South Pass, crossed the Green River and arrived at Fort Bridger on July 7th. Around the same time, they joined thirteen more members of the sick Mormon detachment.
The vanguard companies now face a more rough and dangerous journey, and are concerned about the Rocky Mountain track negotiations. They had received conflicting suggestions, but Young chose to follow the trail used by the Donner-Reed party on their way to California the year before. Shortly after leaving Fort Bridger, the group met the trapper Miles Goodyear, who had a trading post at the mouth of the Weber River. He is very enthusiastic about the great agricultural potential of the Weber Valley. During the journey through the steep mountains, the vanguard company is divided into three parts. Since crossing the Green River, some party members have a fever, generally accepted as a "mountain fever" which may be caused by woodworms. Young himself fell ill soon after meeting Goodyear. A small sick release lags behind the larger group, and the scouting division is created to move forward on the specified route.
In July 1847 the company first reached the Salt Lake Valley, with reconnaissance Erastus Snow and Orson Pratt entering the valley on 21 July. Pratt writes: ... we can not refrain from the cries of joy, which almost unconsciously escape from our lips as this magnificent and beautiful landscape resides in our view. The two scouts conducted a twelve-mile (19 km) exploration into the valley before returning to a larger party. The next day, most of the valleys were explored, rivers and hot springs were investigated and the first camp was set up in the Salt Lake Valley. On July 23, Pratt offered a prayer dedicating the land to God. The soil was damaged, irrigation ditches were dug, and the first potato and horseradish fields were planted.
On July 24, Young first saw the valley of a "sick" cart driven by his friend, Wilford Woodruff. According to Woodruff, Young expressed his satisfaction in the appearance of the valley and stated, "This is the right place, go on." Today the monument stands in the place where he made this declaration. Young then reports that he has seen the valley, including Ensign Peak, in a vision and recognize the place.
On July 28, Young set up a location for the Salt Lake Temple in the future and presented the city plan to the larger group for their approval. In August 1847, Young and other elected members of the pioneer company returned to Winter Quarters. In December 1847, over two thousand Mormons had completed the journey to the Salt Lake Valley. Several hundred, including Young, returned to the east to collect and organize companies that were scheduled for subsequent years. Demographic estimates put 1,611 pioneers in the Great Salt Lake valley during the winter of 1847. However, the adult labor force is quite small as a high percentage of the group, 53.2 percent are under the age of nineteen. Twenty-five percent of the total are children under the age of eight.
Every year during Mormon migration, people are constantly organized into "companies", each company bearing the name of its leader. Companies are subdivided into groups of 10 and 50 with delegated authority and responsibility down.
Travel conditions
The pioneers traveled to the Salt Lake Valley in the Great Basin using large farm carts, wooden carts, and, in some cases, personally carrying their belongings. Their trail along the north bank of the Platte River and the North Platte River and above the continent limit goes up to South Pass and Pacific Springs from Fort John along the Sweetwater River valley and then down to Fort Bridger and from there to the Great Salt Lake known as the Mormon Trail.
The financial resources of Church members vary, with many families suffering from the loss of land and personal property in Missouri and Illinois. This has an impact on the resources and supplies that every family can enjoy as they travel more than 1,000 miles (2,000 km) to the Great Basin. Church funds are also limited at this time, but church leaders provide what funding and other material assistance they can provide to families and companies under supply.
The closed carriages drawn by oxen are common, especially in early American companies. In October 1845, when LDS members prepared to leave Nauvoo, Nauvoo Neighbor printed an extensive list of suggested provisions for each family cart. Terms include two to three yoke of cows, two milk cows, other livestock, weapons and ammunition, 15 pounds of iron, pulleys and ropes, fishing gear, agriculture and mechanical equipment, cooking utensils and at least 1000 pounds of flour plus various other kinds. food material. Some pioneers exaggerated the amount of goods they could haul on the long journey. As the ox weakened under pressure, carts were alleviated by removing valuables, including books, porcelain and family furniture. In 1847, to the east of the Rocky Mountains, the Kimballs dug a huge hole, wrapping their pianos with buffalo skins and carefully burying them. An ox team picked up the tool the following spring and took it to the Salt Lake Valley.
Some companies then mostly consist of people with fewer resources, who pull or push strollers (similar to wheelbarrows) holding all their personal provisions and belongings. Many of these pioneers walked away from the street when family members boarded the cart.
Because of the weather in the heart of America, the best time to travel is April-September. Some companies, however, start at the end of the season resulting in difficulties and sometimes disasters. The most famous are the wagons Willie and Martin. Leaving Iowa in July 1856, they did not reach Utah until November, suffered many deaths from winter weather and lack of adequate supplies.
Ship Brooklyn
In November 1845 Samuel Brannan, a small journalist and publisher of the Mormon newspaper the Prophet (then New York Messenger ), was directed by church elders to charter a ship that would take his passengers from The eastern United States to California, which was then part of Mexico. For two months, Brannan managed to recruit 70 men, 68 women, and 100 children - a total of 238 people. Brannan negotiated a $ 75 tariff for adults and half price for children with Captain Abel W. Richardson, master and main owner of the Brooklyn ship .
On February 4, 1846 (on the same day the exodus of Mormon Nauvoo began), the ship Brooklyn cleared the port of New York and began his voyage nearly 6 months to the Pacific coast in Mexico Province at that time. from California. The vessel weighs 445 tonnes (404 t) and measures 125 ft x 28 ft ft (14.5 ft) (8.5 m² 4.3 m) x 4.3 m) and was built in 1834 by Joseph H. Russell at Newcastle, Maine.
Sailing is the longest part made by the Mormon emigration company. The Brooklyn Ship sails from Brooklyn Port, New York, and travels south across the Atlantic equator, around Cape Horn, stops on the Juan Fernà © dez Islands, then to the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), finally docking. in Yerba Buena (San Francisco) on July 29, 1846, after a sea voyage within five months and twenty-seven days.
Augusta Joyce Crocheron, a passenger on the ship Brooklyn , describes the voyage:
For the pleasure of the journey, we encountered disappointment, as we once stretched in the tropics, and at other times we "hatched under" during a great storm. Women and children at night are whipped into their beds, because there is no other way they can defend them. Furniture rolling around harms limbs and life. The waves swept the deck and even reached the cabin... Children's voices crying in the dark, the mother's voice soothes or scolds, the sound of men rising above the others, all mingling with the pathetic moans and sick people crying for help, and, at over everything, the roar of the wind and the howls of the tempest make a scene and feel indescribable.
The Brooklyn ship's passengers left the United States hoping to find religious freedom. When they arrived in San Francisco, they were told they were in the United States. Despite the tension that drives them from their homes in the United States, the crew and passengers "feel more cheerful and secure." The historian Mormon B. H. Roberts records in his Comprehensive History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints :
At the announcement of a United States naval officer, who boarded the Brooklyn when he came to dock, that the emigrants "were in the United States," three warm cheers were given in return... Three weeks before the arrival of the Saints, US flags have been raised and the state takes ownership on behalf of the government represented by the flag.
This dangerous journey of nearly 24,000 miles (39,000 km) will charge 10 passengers 238 passengers, nine of whom are buried in the sea.
Migrate later
After the early departure of Latter-day Saints living in Illinois and Missouri, converts to church from other regions of the United States and from Europe follow in the early footsteps to join the main body of the Church in Salt Lake City. Every year from 1847 to 1869, members of the traveling church are formed into organized companies. Migration continued until around 1890, but those who came by train were generally not considered "pioneers of Mormon."
Danish pioneer Mormon
Mormon pioneers emigrated from many countries. Denmark was one of these countries, with a large number of Mormon emigrants coming to Utah between 1850 and 1910. Danish migration began when missionaries from the LDS Church, including Erastus Snow, Peter O. Hansen and two others, were sent to Denmark on in 1850. Hansen made the first translation of the Book of Mormon from English, translating it into Danish. Freedom of religion was written into the Constitution of the Kingdom of Denmark in 1849. Along with the translation of the Book of Mormon from Denmark, it opened the area to great success in reaching converts. At that time the LDS Church urged new members to gather to Utah, who led these early converts to plan for emigration.
Box Elder, Cache, Salt Lake, Utah, and Sevier County have a large number of Danish people registered in Utah's 19th-century census, but Sanpete County is the area where the greatest number is completed.
Settling the desert
The Mormons settled in the Salt Lake Valley, which was then used as a buffer zone between Shoshone and Utes, which was at war. Upon arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, the Mormons had to develop and cultivate arid terrain to be suitable for shelter. They created irrigation systems, set up farmland, built houses, churches and schools. Access to water is very important. Soon after, Brigham Young sent scouting groups to identify and claim additional community sites. While it is difficult to find large areas of the Great Basin where reliable water sources and growing seasons are long enough to boost substantial subsistence crops, satellite communities are beginning to be established in all directions. Church members eventually headed south to Arizona and Mexico now, west to California, north to Idaho and Canada, and east to Wyoming, settling many familiar communities in the area.
Shortly after the first company arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, the Bountiful community settled in the north. In 1848, the settlers moved to land purchased from Miles Goodyear's trapper in Ogden today. In 1849, Tooele and Fort Utah in modern-day Provo were founded. The Provo settlement is very disturbing to Utes, because it is in the heart of their territory. Ute Wakara's chief suggested the settlers move to the Sanpete Valley in central Utah, where settlers established the Manti community. The tension at Fort Utah increased after Mormon killed the Archbishop, and Brigham Young ordered an attack on Utes, called the Battle of Fort Utah. This was soon followed by the Walker War.
Fillmore, Utah, intended to be the capital of a new territory, was established in 1851. In 1855, missionary efforts devoted to local indigenous cultures led to outposts in Fort Lemhi on the Salmon River Idaho, Las Vegas, Nevada and Elk Mountain at middle east of Utah today.
The experience of the returning Mormon Battalion members is also important in building a new community. On their way west, the Mormon soldiers have identified reliable rivers and fertile river valleys in Colorado, Arizona and southern California. In addition, when people are returning home to rejoin their families in the Salt Lake Valley, they move through southern Nevada and southern Utah. Jefferson Hunt, senior Mormon officer from Battalion, actively sought the location of settlements, minerals and other resources. His report encourages the completion of 1851 in the Iron Country, near the current Cedar City. This southerly exploration eventually leads to the Mormon settlement in St. Petersburg. George, Utah, Las Vegas and San Bernardino, California, as well as communities in southern Arizona. In 1885, the Mormon community was founded in northern Mexico.
Legacy
The Mormon pioneers are celebrated every year on July 24 in Utah State, known as Pioneer Day. Salt Lake City also has the Mormon Pioneer Mormon Monument, where Brigham Young, Eliza R. Snow, and other Mormon pioneers are buried and where a memorial is dedicated to everyone crossing the plains to the Salt Lake Valley. In addition, Pioneer (characterized as "Pioneer Pete") is the mascot of Lehi High School. Lehi High School is located in Lehi, Utah County. In some places, Mormons held an event called "Pioneer Tracks" for people between the ages of fourteen and eighteen. In participating in the journey, teenagers dress like pioneers and pack some items to carry in handcarts. They make the climb for a few days so they can experience what the pioneers experience. During this multi-day event, camp organizers sometimes require youth to avoid using technology or anything that pioneers do not have on their journey, to improve the experience.
Pioneer Mormon Travel Database in Mormon
The Mormon Pioneer Overland Travel collects information from journals, church history records, and other materials to find companies where an ancestor crossed the plains to get to Utah. This includes the known and unknown train wagon from 1847 to 1868. It contains a list of passengers in the company as well as genealogical information about the ancestors. This is the most complete list of Mormon immigrants and train wagons that take them to Utah.
See also
Note
References
- Barney, Ronald O., editor. Vormuard Mormon Brigade of 1847: Notes Norton Jacob. Utah State University Press, Logan, Utah 2005. ISBNÃ, 0-87421-609-5.
- Bennett, Richard E. We'll Find the Place: The Mormon Exodus 1846-1848 . Deseret Book Company, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1997. ISBNÃ, 1-57345-286-6.
- Hafen, Leroy and Ann. "Handcarts to Zion". University of Nebraska Press, 1992.
- Madsen, Carol Cornwall. Journey to Zion: Sound from Mormon Trail. Salt Lake City, Utah, Deseret Book, 1997. ISBNÃ, 1-57345-244-0.
- May, Dean L. Utah: History of People . Bonneville Books, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1987. ISBNÃ, 0-87480-284-9.
- Slaughter, William and Landon, Michael. "Trace of Hope: The Story of the Mormon Trail". Deseret Book Company, Salt Lake City, 1997.
- Stegner, Wallace. "The Gathering of Zion". University of Nebraska Press, 1992.
- Walker, Ronald W. and Doris R. Dant, editors, "Almost Everything Imaginable: Everyday Life of Mormon Utah Pioneers." Study BYU, Provo, Utah 1999.
Further reading
- Esshom, Frank Ellwood (1913), Prominent Pioneer and Figure , Salt Lake City: Utah Pioneers Book Publishing Company, OCLCÃ, 2286984
External links
- Lds.org: The Pioneer of Mormon Pioneers
- American Westward Migration - online diaries scanned from the original Mormon pioneers of the 1850s .
- Byu.edu: Hope Line: Pioneer of the Book of Mormon
- Lds.org: Pioneer and Individual Enterprise Database
- Signaturebooks.com: Excerpt from the book on the company's wheelbarrow
- Archive.org: Pioneer and Prominent Utah - 1913 by Frank Ellwood Esshom .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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