The Oklahoma history refers to the history of the state of Oklahoma and the land now occupied by the state. The eastern Oklahoma region of its origins was obtained in the purchase of Louisiana 1803, while the Panhandle was not acquired until the acquisition of US soil after the Mexican-American War.
Much of the Oklahoma region was set aside as the Indian Territory before the Civil War. Opened for public housing around 1890 - "Sooners" were settlers who jumped a gun. Being a state comes to a poor farming and farming country in Oklahoma, but soon oil is discovered and new wealth flows in.
Historians David Baird and Danny Goble have searched for the essence of the Oklahoma community's history experience. They found that, "The experience with the people of Oklahoma from time to time speaks of optimism, innovation, perseverance, entrepreneurship, common sense, collective courage, and modesty, not victims, are core values."
Video History of Oklahoma
Before state
Topographically, Oklahoma is located between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico watershed. The western part of the country is experiencing a long period of drought and strong winds in the region can produce Dust storms. The eastern part of the state is a humid subtropical climate zone. The Dry line, the imaginary line separating the humid air from the eastern waters and the dry desert air from the west, usually divides the two states and is arguably an important factor in prehistoric settlements, with the agrarian tribes settling in the eastern part of the country and the hunter-gatherer tribe settled in the western part of the country.
Before AD 1500
People have lived in what is now Oklahoma for the earliest known Paleo-Indian culture documented in archeology/anthropology. From the earliest known projectile points from Clovis Culture to the highly developed Folsom and split into lesser known cultures whose artifacts and bury sites have been well documented throughout the state (Dalton, Midland, HellGap, Alberta/Scottsbluff , Calf Creek), humans are present and very active in what is now known as the State of Oklahoma.
The first recorded European to enter the territory was the Spanish Conquistador Hernando de Soto, who discovered many of the Caddoan language speakers, including Caddo, Wichita, Pawnee, and Kichai men.
Caddoan Mississippi Culture
Between 800 and 1450 AD, most of the northwestern and southeastern United States (including the eastern part of what is now Oklahoma) is home to a group of dynamic cultural communities commonly known as Mississippian culture. These cultures are agrarian, their communities often build ceremonial platforms and burial mounds, and inter-community trade is based on river travel. There are some tribal chiefs who have never occupied large areas or survived more than a few hundred years.
The Caddoan Mississippian culture appears to have emerged from early groups of the Woodland period, the cultural community of Fourche Maline and Mossy Grove living in the neighborhood of about 200 BC to 800 AD. In the 800 AD, the early Caddoan community had begun to blend with one of the earlier Mississippian cultures. Several villages began to become famous as ritual centers, with elite settlements and mound platform construction. The mound is arranged around an open plaza, which is usually swept clean and is often used for ceremonial occasions. The Caddoan homeland is on the geographical and cultural edge of the Mississippian world and is in common with the Mississippian Mississippi Culture and Tradition. The Caddoan community is not as large as southern and southern Mississippi communities, they are not fortified, and they do not form large and complex groups; with the possible exception of Spiro Mounds on the Arkansas River. As complex religious and social ideas develop, some people and family lineages become famous over others. This hierarchical structure is marked in archaeological records by the appearance of a large tomb with exotic grave offerings of symbols of authority and prestige are evident, as found in the "Great Mortuary" in Spiro.
Wichita Plains Culture
Archaeologists believe that the ancestors of the people of Wichita occupied the Great Plain east of the Red River northward to Nebraska for at least 2,000 years. The early Wichita people were hunters and gatherers who gradually adopted agriculture. Southern Plains residents flourish throughout central and western Oklahoma from 900 to 1400.
Around 900 AD, on the terrace above the Washita River and Southern Canada in Oklahoma, farm villages began to emerge. The inhabitants of these villages planted corn, beans, squash, marsh elder, and tobacco. They hunted deer, rabbits, turkeys, and more bulls, and caught fish and collected shellfish in the river. These villagers live in rectangular straw houses. They became numerous, with villages up to 20 homes every two miles along the river.
In 1500, Apache groups also began to move to Wichita areas in Oklahoma before. However, it seems that the two men lived side by side in the region for some time. In addition to Apache's influence, Wichita from southwest Oklahoma seems to have had regular trade contacts with tribes in Texas and New Mexico today.
Kiowa-Apache Culture
In historical times, Kiowa and Apache have a closely related history. Both are hunter gatherers who use dogs to carry their things as they hunt from place to place. Both migrated from Canada to the Southwest around the time Francisco Coronado explored the Southwest and introduced horses into the neighborhood. And both tribes adapted their culture to include horses.
However, linguistically, they are very different. Apache is a Southern Athabaskan group that traditionally lives in Southern Plains of North America. The Kiowa is part of the Tanoan group located in Pueblos, New Mexico.
The Kiowa language is part of the Kiowa-Tanoan language family. Tanoan is the language spoken in Jemez, Piro, Tiwa, and Pueblos Tewa in New Mexico. Linguists who study language history, however, believe that Kiowa split from the Tanoan branch more than 3,000 years ago and moved to the northern end.
Kiowa and Apache adopt many of the same lifestyle traits, but remain ethnically different. Instead of learning their respective languages, they communicate using the Indian Sign Language Plains. Apache Kiowa and Plains live on a plain adjacent to the Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado and western Kansas and drainage of the Red River Texas Panhandle and western Oklahoma.
The Kiowas has a well-structured tribal government like most tribes in Northern Plains. They hold an annual Sun Dance meeting and a tribal chief who is considered the leader of the whole tribe. There is a community of soldiers and religious communities that make up the Kiowa community.
Historically, the Apache culture seems similar to the Pueblo community in the area. However, as soon as Spain exercises its control over the area, traditional trading patterns between tribes are disrupted and Pueblo is forced to work on Spanish mission ground and take care of the mission sheep flock. The Pueblo became a subsistence worker; they have fewer surplus goods to trade with their neighbors. Apache quickly acquired horses, increasing their mobility for fast attacks on settlements. Louisiana (New France)
In 1682, Renà ©  © -Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed all of the Mississippi River and its tributaries to the French Empire. Thus, the land that would become Oklahoma was under French control from 1682-1763 as part of the Louisiana region (New France). Colonization efforts mainly occur in the northern aspects (eg, Illinois) and the Mississippi River valley; Oklahoma will not be touched by the French colonial efforts. At the end of the Seven Years' War and its North American counterpart, the French and Indian Wars, France was forced to surrender the eastern part of the territory in 1763 to England as part of the Treaty of Paris. Interestingly, the French had surrendered the whole territory to the Kingdom of Spain in 1762 in the Secret Treaty of Fontainebleau; the transfer to Spain was not publicly announced until 1764. Spain, who handed Spain Florida to England in the Paris Treaty to regain its colonies in Havana and Manila, did not oppose British authority in eastern Louisiana France for wanting western parts adjacent to its colonies in Spain New.
The Spanish occupation effort focused on New Orleans and its surroundings, and thus Oklahoma remained free of European settlement during Spanish rule. In 1800, France regained the sovereignty of Louisiana's western territory in the secret San Ildefonso Third Agreement. But, strained by obligations in Europe, Napoleon Bonaparte decided to sell his territory to the United States.
Purchase of Louisiana and Arkansas Region
With the purchase of Louisiana in 1803, the United States acquired 828,000 square miles of French claims to the Mississippi River Basin (west of the river) and the Missouri River. The purchase covers all or part of the 15 current US states] (including all Oklahoma regions) and parts of two Canadian provinces.
From the Louisiana Purchase, the Louisiana Territory and the Orleans Territory are arranged. The Orleans area became the state of Louisiana in 1812, and the Louisiana Territory was renamed the Missouri Territory to avoid confusion.
The Arkansas Region was created from the southern part of the Missouri Region in 1819. This border was erected in parallel 36 Â ° 30 'north with the exception of Bootheel Missouri. The Arkansas region thus covers all the states now in southern Oklahoma from this latitude. When Missouri reached state status in 1821, the territorial lands not included within the borders of the state effectively became unorganized territory. On November 15, 1824, the westernmost part of the Arkansas Region was moved and supplied with unorganized territory in the north, and the western second most abolished on May 6, 1828, reducing the Arkansas Region as far as Arkansas is today. The new Arkansas western border was originally intended to follow the western border of Missouri south of the Red River. However, during negotiations with Choctaw in 1820, Andrew Jackson unwittingly surrendered more Arkansas territory to them than he realized. Then in 1824, after further negotiations, Choctaw agreed to move further west, but only with the "100 steps" garrison at Belle Point. This produces a bend on the Arkansas/Oklahoma border at Fort Smith, Arkansas.
The Adams-OnÃÆ's Treaty and New Spain
The Adams-OnÃÆ's Treaty of 1819 is between the United States and Spain. Spain handed the Florida Territory to the US, the US gave the periphery in the West to Spain, and the line was set between the US and New Spain. The new boundary is the Sabine River north of the Gulf of Mexico to the north of the 32nd parallel, then north to the Red River, west along the Red River to the 100th west meridian, northward to the Arkansas River, west to the upstream, north to north parallel to 42 , and eventually to the west along the parallel to the Pacific Ocean. This is informally called "Step Boundary", though its step-like shape has not been seen for decades. This is because the Arkansas source, believed to be near the 42nd parallel, is actually hundreds of miles south of the latitude, an unknown fact until John C. Frà ©  © mont discovered it in the 1840s.
The Adams-Ons Treats thus describes the southern boundary (Red River) and the westernmost (100th meridian west) of the future state of Oklahoma. It was also with this agreement that the land comprising the Oklahoma Panhandle was separated from the rest of the future state and handed over to the Spanish government.
India Relocation
In the early history of the United States as a nation, a challenging problem was the management of border settlements in traditional Native American lands. One approach to acquiring land in or near established countries is to relocate the tribes to an unassailed region further west. In 1820 (Stand Doak Agreement) and 1825 (Washington City Agreement), Choctaw was granted land in the Arkansas Region (including in the current state of Oklahoma) in exchange for parts of their homeland, especially in the state of Mississippi.
This approach became more formal in 1830 through part of the Indian Removal Act. This action gave President Andrew Jackson the power to negotiate a treaty for abolition with Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi River. The treaty calls for Indians to surrender their eastern lands to the land in the west. Those who want to stay behind are asked to assimilate and become citizens in their country. For the tribes who agreed with Jackson's terms, the firing was peaceful, but those who refused were eventually forced to leave.
Part of what became Oklahoma was designated a home for the relocation of "Five Civilized Tribes". Then the area will be referred to as the Indian State or Canadian Indian Territory. The goal is to provide a large area of ​​land for relocation of Native Americans in the eastern states that do not want to assimilate.
Choctaw was the first of the "Five Civilized Tribes" to be removed from the southeastern United States. In September 1830, Choctaw in Mississippi agreed with the terms of the Dancing Agreement of Rabbit Creek and prepared to move west. The phrase "Trail of Tears" is derived from the description of the Choctaw Nation removal in 1831, although the term is also used in reference to Cherokee removal in 1838-1939.
The Creek refused to move and signed the agreement in March 1832 to open up most of their land in exchange for protecting their remaining land holdings. The United States failed to protect the tributaries, and in 1837, they were moved militarily without signing an agreement.
The Chickasaw saw the relocation as inevitable and signed a treaty in 1832 that included protection until their pace. The Chickasaw were forced to move earlier as a result of white settlers and the Department of Defense's refusal to protect Indian soil.
In 1833, a small group of Seminoles signed a relocation agreement. However, the treaty was declared invalid by the majority of the tribe. The result was the Second Seminole War (1835-42) and the Third Seminole War (1855-58). Those who survived the war were eventually paid to move west.
The New Echota Agreement of 1835 gave the Cherokes living in the state of Georgia two years to move west, or they would be forced to move. At the end of two years only 2,000 Cherokees migrated westward and 16,000 people remained on their land. The US sends 7,000 troops to force the Cherokee to move without time to collect their belongings. This march to the west is known as the Jeep Trail, where 4,000 Cherokee died.
Region of the Republic of Texas and Kansas
In 1821, New Spain gained its independence and became a short-lived Mexican Empire, followed by the Mexican Republic in 1824. So, Mexico is the new owner of land in the south and west of the US Territory. Texas, a province in Mexico, declared its independence from Mexico in 1836 after the Texas Revolution. The Republic of Texas exists as a separate state from 1836 to 1845.
Texas was annexed as a state to the United States in 1845, and the Mexican-American War took place from 1846 to 1848. The war was concluded by the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty, in which the US received controversial land claimed by Mexico by Texas (including the Oklahoma Panhandle), as well as land west of the Rio Grande into the Pacific Ocean (Mexico Cession). Statehood for Texas was politically charged, for he added another "slave state" to the Union, and conditions for his state were not resolved until the 1850 Compromise. One of the conditions was that to be accepted as a slave state, Texas had to set its northern border in parallel 36 Â ° 30 'north according to Missouri Compromise. In addition to releasing claims to land in the north of parallel, Texas must also relinquish its claims to what parts are now called New Mexico east of the Rio Grande, but instead the US assumes a $ 10 million Texas debt.
On May 30, 1854, the Kansas and Nebraska Territories were established from the Territory of India. The southern boundary of the Kansas Area is set in the north of the 37th parallel, forming the northern border of the future state of Oklahoma. It also produces an undetermined strip of land between the southern border of Kansas and the northern border of the Texas Panhandle north of 36 Â ° 30 ', neutral line or "No Man's Land" which eventually became the Oklahoma Panhandle.
Civil War
In 1860, the Indian Territory had a population of 55,000 Indians, 8,400 black slaves owned by Indians, and 3,000 white people. In 1861, when the American Civil War began, the Texans moved north and the United States withdrew its military forces from the area. Confederate commissioner Albert Pike signed a formal alliance agreement with all major tribes, and the territory sent a delegation to the Confederate Congress in Richmond. However, there was a minority faction opposed to the Confederacy, with the result that small-scale civil war raged within the territory. The loyal forces of Union and Indians invaded the Indian Territory and won a strategic victory at Honey Springs on July 17, 1863. At the end of the summer of 1863, Union forces controlled Fort Smith in neighboring Arkansas, and the Confederate's hope of retaining control of the territory collapsed. Many Cherokee Indians, the Creek, and the Pro-Confederate Seminole fled south, becoming refugees between Chickasaw and Choctaw. However, Confederate Brigadier General Watie, a Cherokee, seized the supply of the Union and kept the rebellion active. Watie was the last Confederate General who surrendered; he surrendered on June 23, 1865.
During the Civil War, Congress passed a law (still in effect) which gave the President the authority to suspend the appropriation of any tribe if the tribe was "in a state of true hostility to the US government... and, by proclamation, to declare all agreements with the tribe such as to be annulled by the tribe. "(25 USC Sec 72)
Post Civil War Period
In 1866 the federal government forced the tribes allied to the Confederacy into the new Reconstruction Agreement. Much of the land in the Central and Western Indian Territories is left to the government. Part of the land is given to other tribes, but the central part, called Unplanded Land, remains in the hands of the government. Other concessions allow trains to cross the Indian mainland. Furthermore, the practice of slavery is forbidden. Some countries are racially integrated with their slaves, but other countries are very hostile to former slaves and want them exiled from their territory. It was also during this time that federal government policy gradually shifted from India's removal and relocation to one of assimilation.
In the 1870s, a movement was initiated by whites and blacks who wanted to complete government land in the Indian Territory under Homestead Act of 1862. They called Unplanned Land as Oklahoma and themselves as "Baby Boomer Generation". In 1884, at United States v. Payne, the US District Court in Topeka, Kansas, decided that the settlement of land granted to the government by the Indians under the 1866 treaty was not a crime. The government initially refused, but Congress immediately enacted legislation authorizing the settlement.
In the 1880s, early settlers of the sparsely populated Panhandle region tried to form the Cimarron Territory but lost the lawsuit against the federal government. This prompted a judge in Paris, Texas, to inadvertently create a moniker for the area. "It's a land anyone can have," the judge said, and after that the nickname was referred to as Land No Man until the state arrived a few decades later.
Congress passed the Law of the Dawes, or the General Allotment Act, in 1887 which required the government to negotiate agreements with tribes to divide Indian land into individual ownership. Under the allocation system, the remaining tribal lands will be surveyed for settlements by non-Indians. After the settlement, many white people accused the Republican office of giving special treatment to the former boy in a land dispute.
Land Run of 1889
The United States entered into two new agreements with the River and Seminole. Under this agreement, the tribes will sell at least part of their land in Oklahoma to the US to resolve Indian tribes and other free people. This land would be widely called Lands Unassigned or Oklahoma State in the 1880s therefore remained uninhabited for more than a decade.
In 1879, partly-Cherokee Elias C. Boudinot argued that the Unconverted lands were open to settlements because the property rights to these lands belonged to the United States and "anything that might be a desire or desire of the United States Government in the year 1866 to place the Indians and negroes on this land, it is certain that there was no such desire or intention that existed in 1879. Negroes from that date, have become citizens of the United States, and Congress has recently enacted laws that practically prohibit the elimination of more Indians into the Territory ".
On March 23, 1889, President Benjamin Harrison signed a law that opened two million hectares (8,000 km²) of Unregulated Land for settlement on April 22, 1889. This became the first of many land acquisitions, but then land clearing was done by sweepstakes due to widespread fraud - some settlers were called Quick because they had staked their land claims before the land was officially opened for settlement.
Maps History of Oklahoma
Areas of Oklahoma and Indian
Indian territory (land owned by the Five Civilized Tribes and other Indian tribes from the east of the Mississippi River) and the Oklahoma Territory (land set aside to relocate the Indian Lowlands and other Midwestern tribes, as well as the recently determined "Unplanned Land" and Neutral Strip) was formally formed by the Congress on May 2, 1890 in the Oklahoma Organic Act. An Organic Act is a law used by the US Congress to create anticipated territories in order for them to be accepted into the Union as a state. The next 16 years saw Congress issue several laws whose purpose was to join the territory of Oklahoma and India into one Oklahoma State.
Land Runs (1891-1895)
In 1893, the government bought the right to complete the Cherokee Outlet, or Cherokee Strip, from the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokee outlet was part of the land handed over to the government in the 1866 agreement, but the Cheroke family maintained access to the area and leased it to several Chicago meatpacking plants for large farms. The Cherokee Strip was opened to a settlement by a land run in 1893. Also in 1893 Congress established the Dawes Commission to negotiate an agreement with each of the Five Civilized Tribes for the allotment of tribal land to Indian individuals. Finally, the Curtis Act of 1898 abolished tribal jurisdiction over the entire Indian Territory.
The work of Angie Debo's landmark, and Still the Waters Run: The Betrayal of Five Civilized Tribes (1940), details how the policy of raiding the Dawes Commission and the Curtis Act of 1898 was systematically manipulated to eliminate Native Americans from land and resources their power. In the words of the historian Ellen Fitzpatrick, Debo's book "advances a devastating analysis of corruption, moral depravity, and criminal activity underlying white administration and the implementation of a rationing policy."
Oklahoma is best known to the rest of the world because of its border history, which is famously represented in the 1943 Broadway musicals, Oklahoma! and the cinema version of 1955. The musical is based on the 1939 Lynn Riggs drama, Green Grow the Lilacs . It is set in the Oklahoma Region outside the town of Claremore in 1906.
State Status
In 1902, the leaders of the Indian Territory sought to become their own country, to be named Sequoyah. They hold conventions in Eufaula, consisting of representatives of Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Muscogee (Creek), and Seminole, known as the Five Civilized Tribes. They meet again next year to form a constitutional convention.
The Sequoyah Constitution Convention and State Effort
The Constitutional Convention of Sequoyah met at Muskogee, on 21 August 1905. General Pleasant Porter, Principal Head of Muscogee Creek Nation, was elected president of the convention. The elected delegates decided that the executive officers of the Five Civilized Tribes would also be appointed vice-president: William Charles Rogers, Principal Chief of Cherokee; William H. Murray, appointed by Chickasaw Governor Douglas H. Johnston to represent the Chickasaws; Chief Green McCurtain of Choctaw; Chief John Brown of Seminoles; and Charles N. Haskell, was chosen to represent the tributaries (as General Porter has been elected President).
The Convention drafted the constitution, established an organizational plan for the government, outlined proposals for regional appointment in a new country, and elected a delegation to go to the United States Congress to apply for the state. If this happens, Sequoyah will be the first country to have a predominantly Native American population.
The convention proposal was strongly supported by residents of the Indian Territory in the election of a referendum in 1905. The US government, however, reacted coolly to the notion of the Indian Territory and the Oklahoma Territory being a separate state; they would rather have them share a single country.
Murray's Proposal
Murray, known for his eccentricity and political intelligence, foresaw this possibility before a constitutional convention. When Johnston asked Murray to represent the Chickasaw State during Sequoyah's attempts at statehood, Murray estimated the plan would not work in Washington, D.C. He suggested that if the effort fails, the Indian Territory should work with the Oklahoma Territory to become one country. President Theodore Roosevelt and Congress rejected the proposals of the Indian Territory.
Looking at opportunities for statehood, Murray and Haskell proposed another convention for the combined region to be named Oklahoma. In 1906, the Oklahoma Activation Act was adopted by the US Congress and approved by President Roosevelt. The law sets out some special requirements for the proposed constitution. Using the constitution of the Sequoyah convention as the basis (and the majority) of the new state constitution, Haskell and Murray returned to Washington with a proposal for statehood. On November 16, 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt signed a proclamation establishing Oklahoma as the 46th state.
After country
The early years of the state were marked by political activity. In 1910, the Democrats moved the capital to Oklahoma City, three years before Oklahoma Organic Law was allowed, to move away from the Republican nest of Guthrie. Socialism became a growing force among struggling peasants, and Oklahoma grew to have the largest Socialist population in the United States at the time, with Socialist votes doubling in every election until America's entry into World War I in 1917. However, the oncoming war. food prices rose, allowing farmers to flourish, and the movement faded. In the 1920s, Republicans, taking advantage of divisions within the Democratic Party, controlled the state. The economy continues to improve, in the areas of livestock, cotton, wheat, and in particular, oil. Throughout the 1920s, new oil fields continued to be discovered and Oklahoma produced more than 1.8 billion barrels of petroleum, valued at more than 3.5 million dollars over a decade.
Oil
Although the first oil wells in the United States were completed in July 1850 in the old Cherokee State near Salina, it was in the early 20th century that oil business really began to take place. Large underground oil pools are found in places like Glenpool near Tulsa. Many whites flood the country to make money. Many elite "old money" families from Oklahoma can date their hikes for now.
Throughout the 1920s, new oil fields continued to be discovered and Oklahoma produced more than 1.8 billion barrels of petroleum, valued at more than 3.5 million dollars over a decade. In 1920, the spectacular Osage County oil field opened, followed in 1926 by the Greater Seminole Oil Field. When the Great Depression, Oklahoma and Texas oil flooded the market and prices fell to cent per gallon. In 1931, Governor William H. Murray, acting with a distinct conviction, used the National Guard to close all Oklahoma oil wells in an effort to stabilize prices. The national policy became to use the Texas Railway Commission to assign rations in Texas, which raised prices also for Oklahoma crude.
Prosperous in 1920
The prosperity of 1920 can be seen in the surviving architecture of the period, such as the Tulsa house transformed into the Philbrook Museum of Art or the art deco architecture in downtown Tulsa.
African Americans
For Oklahoma, the early quarters of the 20th century were politically volatile. Many different groups flood the country; "Black cities", or cities made up of African American groups that choose to live apart from whites, grow throughout the state, while most countries obey the laws of Jim Crow in each of them, each racially segregating people with a bias against a non-white "race". Greenwood, an environment in Northern Tulsa, is known as Black Wall Street because of its dynamic business, cultural and religious community. The area was destroyed in the Tulsa riots, one of the deadliest race riots in the United States.
While many black cities have sprung up in the early days of Oklahoma, many have disappeared. The table below lists 13 such cities that have survived to date.
List of the remaining black cities in Oklahoma
Socialist
The Oklahoma Socialist Party achieved great success in this era (the small party has the highest per capita membership in Oklahoma today with 12,000 members paying taxes in 1914), including the publication of dozens of party newspapers and the election of several hundred elected local officials. Much of their success comes from their willingness to reach black and American voters (they are the only ones who continue to reject Jim Crow's law), and their willingness to change the traditional Marxist ideology when it makes sense to do it (the biggest change is support parties of widespread small-scale landownership, and their willingness to use religion positively to preach "the Socialist Gospel"). The state party also sends presidential candidate Eugene Debs some of the highest votes in the country.
The party was later destroyed into a virtual non-existence during "white terror" following an ultra-repressive environment following the Green Corn Uprising and World War I paranoia against anyone who spoke against war or capitalism.
The World Industrial Workers are trying to make progress during this period but achieve little success.
Impeachment from Governor Walton
Disgruntled Oklahoma farmers and workers handed Democratic Democrats the left wing of Jack C. Walton an easy victory in 1922 as governor. One scandal broke out following the other - Walton's questionable administrative practices included payroll salaries, prison pardons, college administrator expulsions, and major increases in governor's salaries. Conservative elements successfully petitioned for special legislative recall sessions. To regain the initiative, Walton responded by attacking the Ku Klux Klan Oklahoma with a parade ban, a martial law declaration, and hiring outsiders to 'keep the peace.' He declared martial law across the state and tried to call the National Guard to block the legislature from holding a special session. It failed, and the legislator accused Walton of corruption, imprisoned him, and transferred him from office in 1923.
The Great Depression
The Great Depression lasted from 1929 until the late 1930s. Times were very difficult in 1930-33, as the price of oil and agricultural products fell, while debt remained high. Many banks and businesses go bust. Depression becomes worse for parts of the state by the conditions of Dust Bowl. Farmers were hit hardest and many were moved to cities and formed poor communities known as Hoovervilles. It also started a mass migration to California from "Okies" (to use the term underestimation common in California) to seek a better life, an image that will be popularized in American culture by John Steinbeck's novel, The Grapes of Wrath > The book, with photographs by Dorothea Lange, and songs from Woody Guthrie's stories about the misfortune of that era. The negative image of "Okie" as a kind of untrained migrant worker who lives in an almost clawed animal state because food is offensive to many Oklahomans. These works often mix the experiences of former farmers from western South America with people from the exodus who escaped the fierce dust storm of the Highlands. Although they mainly feature the very poor, most people, both living and fleeing from Oklahoma, suffered great poverty in the Depression years. Wine of Wrath is a strong but simple view of complex conditions in rural Oklahoma, and fails to mention most people remain in Oklahoma. The Federal Agricultural Adjustment Act pays them to reduce production; the price rises and the trouble ends,
Dust Bowl
Short-term drought and poor long-term farming practices led to the Dust Bowl, when massive dust storms dumped the soil from the vast land and settled it on nearby farms or even distant locations. The resulting harvest failure forced many small farmers to flee the country. Although the most persistent dust storms mainly affect the Panhandle, many countries sometimes experience dust, severe droughts that are discontinuous, and sometimes burning heat. Cities like Alva, Altus, and Poteau each recorded a temperature of 120 ° F (49 ° C) during the 1936 epic summer.
World War II
The economy was clearly recovering in 1940, when farm and cattle prices rose. So is the price of oil. The Federal's massive spending on infrastructure during the Depression also began to show results. Even before World War II broke out, the Oklahoma industrial economy experienced an increase in demand for its products. The Federal Government created defense-related facilities such as the Oklahoma Ordnance Works near Pryor, Oklahoma and Douglas Aircraft factory adjacent to Tulsa Municipal Airport. Many air bases adorn the Oklahoma map. (See Oklahoma Army War II Airfields).
Robert S. Kerr, governor of 1943-46 is an oil seller who supports the New Deal and uses his Washington network of connections to get federal money. Oklahoma builds and extends many army and naval installations and air bases, which in turn bring in thousands of well-paid jobs. Kerr later became a powerful Senator (1949-63) who oversaw the interests of the state and especially for the oil and gas industry.
Oklahoma is consistently rated among the top 10 states in the sale of war bonds, because it uses showmanship, the spirit of competition, the demand from home to home, and the direct appeal to big business to mobilize patriotism, the pride of the country, and the need to save some of the wages high that can not be spent due to rationing and shortcomings. This bond encourages schoolchildren, housewives and retired men, giving everyone a sense of direct participation in the war effort.
After World War II
The term "Okie" in recent years has taken on a new meaning in the last few decades, with many Oklahomans (both past and present) wearing the label as a badge of honor (as a symbol of Okie's okay attitude). Others (mostly living during the Dust Bowl era) still see the negative term because they see the "Okie" migrant as a surrender and transplant to the West Coast.
The main trends in Oklahoma history after the Depression era include the revival of tribal sovereignty (including the issuance of tribal license plates, and opening of tribal smoke stores, casinos, grocery stores and other commercial establishments), the rapid growth of Oklahoma City and Tulsa suburbs, populations in Western Oklahoma, the 1980s oil boom and the oil bust of the 1990s.
In recent years, great efforts have been made by state and local leaders to revive small towns and population centers in Oklahoma, which have suffered a major setback after the fall of oil. But Oklahoma City and Tulsa remain economically active in their efforts to diversify as the country focuses more on medical, health, finance, and manufacturing research.
Aeronic Economic Focus
Excluding government and education sectors, the largest single company in the state tends to be in the aviation sector. The construction of Tinker Air Force Base and FAA's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center in Oklahoma City, and the American Airlines Engineering Center, Maintenance Facility and Data Center in Tulsa provide the country with a comparative advantage in the Aeronautical economy sector. AAR Corporation operates in Oklahoma City and Tulsa, as well as The Boeing Company and Pratt & amp; Whitney is building a regional presence next to Tinker AFB.
The country has a significant military presence (Air Force) base on Enid, Oklahoma (Vance Air Force Base) and Altus, Oklahoma (Altus Air Force Base), in addition to Tinker AFB in Oklahoma City. In addition, Tinker houses the First Navy Strategic Communication Wing.
For Aeronautical education and training, Tulsa hosts the Spartan College of Aeronautics and Technology that offers in-flight training and aircraft maintenance. The University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University both offer flight programs. The FAA Academy is responsible for training the Air Traffic Controllers.
Oil and Gas Economy Focus
The oil and natural gas industry has historically been the dominant factor in the country's economy, second only to agriculture. The Tulsa Metropolitan Area has become home to more traditional oil companies such as ONEOK, Williams Companies, Helmerich & amp; Payne, Magellan Midstream Partners with significant presence from ConocoPhillips. Oklahoma City is home to energy companies such as Devon Energy, Chesapeake Energy, OGE Energy, SandRidge Energy, Continental Resources. Duncan, Oklahoma is the birthplace of Halliburton Corporation. Significant research and education was conducted in the field by the Mewbourne College of Earth and Energy at Oklahoma University.
HVAC Manufacturing Economics Focus
The country has a very large concentration of companies that produce hot and cold building products (HVAC). Among the companies in Tulsa is AAON (former John Zink Company). In Oklahoma City is the International Environment, ClimateMaster, and Climate Control (a subsidiary of LSB Industries). Also, Governair and Temptrol (a subsidiary of CES Group) and division of York Unitary Johnson Controls have a large presence in the metro of Oklahoma City. Also, Oklahoma State University has a major research effort in developing Geothermal heat pumps, and is the headquarters for the International Geothermal Heat Pump Association. Oklahoma State University-Okmulgee is well known in the industry for Air Conditioning Technology program.
Oklahoma City bombing
On April 19, 1995, in the Oklahoma City bombing, Gulf War veteran Timothy McVeigh bombed the Federal Building of Alfred P. Murrah, killing 168 people, including 19 children. Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols are convicted offenders, though many believe others are involved. Timothy McVeigh was then sentenced to death with lethal injection, while his partner Terry Nichols, convicted of 161 first-degree murder charges received life in prison without the possibility of parole. It is said that McVeigh lives in El Siesta motel, a small town motel on US 64 in Vian, Oklahoma.
See also
- South Central American History
- Aboriginal Title in the United States
- Former Indian Reservation in Oklahoma
- Oklahoma Timeline
- City schedule
- Oklahoma City Timeline
- Tulsa Timeline, Oklahoma
Further reading
- Baird, W. David, and Danney Goble. The Story of Oklahoma (2nd ed. 1994), 511 pages, high school textbook
- Baird, W. David, and Danney Goble. Oklahoma: A History (2008) 342 pp.Ã, ISBNÃ, 978-0-8061-3910-4, university textbooks by leading quote experts
- Castro, J. Justin, "Amazing Grace: The Influence of Christianity in the Music and Society of Oklahoma Ozark 19th Century", Chronicles of Oklahoma , (Winter 2008-2009), 86 # 4 pp 446-68.
- Dale, Edward Everett, and Morris L. Wardell. History of Oklahoma (1948), 574 pp; standard scientific history [https://www.questia.com/library/book/history-of-oklahoma-by-edward-everett-dale-morris-l-wardell.jsp online edition of Questia
- Gibson, Arrell Morgan. Oklahoma: A History of Five Centuries (1981) quotes and text search
- Goble, Danny. Oklahoma Progressive: Creation of a New Country Type (1979)
- Goins, Charles Robert et al. Historical Atlas of Oklahoma (2006), quotes and text search
- Gregory, James N. American Exodus: Migration Dust Migration and Okie Culture (1991), quotes and text search
- Hall, Ryan, "Struggle and Survive in Sallisaw: Revisiting John Steinbeck's Oklahoma", Agricultural History , (2012) 86 # 3 pp 33-56; actual response from hard hit farmers
- Lowitt, Richard, "The Farm Crisis in Oklahoma, Part 1", Chronicles of Oklahoma, 89 (Fall 2011), 338-63.
- Reese, Linda Williams. Women of Oklahoma, 1890-1920 , (1997) is a quote and text search
- Smith, Michael M., "Latinos in Oklahoma: A History of Four and a Half Centuries", Chronicles of Oklahoma , 87 (Summer 2009), 186-223.
- Wickett, Murray R. Contest Areas: Whites, Native Americans, and African Americans in Oklahoma 1865-1907 (2000) quotes and text search
References
External links
- Oklahoma Online Atlas
- The Oklahoma Authorized Web Site |
- Facts of USDA Oklahoma State
- Oklahoma City Tourism Web Site
- Photos and books on Oklahoma, organized by Portal to Texas History
- Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - European Exploration
- Oklahoma Digital Map: Oklahoma Digital Collections and Indian Territories
- Oklahoma Oral History Research Program
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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