The United States is the second largest energy consumer in 2010 (after China) considering total usage. This nation ranks seventh in energy consumption per capita after Canada and some small countries. Excluded is the significant amount of energy used overseas in the production of retail and industrial goods consumed in the US.
Most of this energy comes from fossil fuels: in 2010, data showed that 25% of the country's energy comes from petroleum, 22% of coal, and 22% of natural gas. Nuclear power supplied 8.4% and renewable energy supplies 8%, mainly from hydroelectric dams and biomass; However, it also includes other renewable sources such as wind power, geothermal, and solar energy. In 2006, energy consumption has increased faster than domestic energy production over the last 50 years in the country (when they are almost the same). This difference is largely met through imports.
According to Energy Information Administration statistics, per capita energy consumption in the US is somewhat consistent from the 1970s to the present. An average of 334 million British thermal units (BTUs) per person from 1980 to 2010. One explanation states that the energy required to increase the consumption of manufacturing equipment, automobiles and other goods has shifted to other producing countries and transporting them goods to the US with greenhouse gas shifts and suitable pollution. By comparison, the world average increased from 63.7 in 1980 to 75 million BTU per person in 2008.
Video Energy in the United States
Histori
From its founding to the end of the 18th century, the United States is an agrarian country with many forests. During this period, energy consumption was heavily focused on ready-to-use firewood. The rapid industrialization of the economy, urbanization and railroad growth led to increased use of coal, and by 1885 it had weakened wood as the nation's primary energy source.
Coal remained dominant for the next seven decades, but in 1950, it was surpassed in turn by petroleum and natural gas. The 1973 oil embargo on the energy crisis in the United States. In 2007, coal consumption was the highest ever, with most being used to generate electricity. Natural gas has replaced coal as a preferred heat source in industrial homes, businesses and furnaces, which burns cleaner and more easily transportable.
Although total energy use increased by about 50 between 1850 and 2000, energy use per capita only increased by a factor of four. In 2009, US energy use per capita has declined to 7075 (kilogram of oil equivalent), 12% less than 2000, and in 2010 to levels not seen since the 1960s. At the beginning of the 20th century, petroleum was a small resource used to produce lubricants and fuels for kerosene and oil lamps. A hundred years later it has become a major energy source for the United States and the rest of the world. The rise is parallel to the rise of cars as a major force in American culture and economics.
While petroleum is also used as a source for plastics and other chemicals, and drives a variety of industrial processes, currently two-thirds of US oil consumption is in the form of derived transport fuels. Unique oil qualities for transportation fuel in terms of energy content, production costs, and refueling speed all contribute to the use of other fuels.
In June 2010, the American Energy Innovation Council, a group that includes Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft; Jeffrey R. Immelt, chief executive of General Electric; and John Doerr, has been urging the government to spend more than three times as much on energy research and development, up to $ 16 billion a year. Gates supports the government's goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent by 2050, but says that it is not possible with technology or current politics. He said that the only way to find new and annoying technology is to pour a huge amount of money for the problem. The group noted that the federal government spends less than $ 5 billion per year on energy research and development, excluding the one-time stimulus project. About $ 30 billion is spent annually for health research and over $ 80 billion for military research and development. They advocate a leap in spending on basic energy research.
Maps Energy in the United States
Summary
Note: The number of components may not be the same as 100 percent due to independent rounding.
Primary energy consumption
The use of primary energy in the United States is 25,155 TWh or about 81,800 kWh per person in 2009. The primary energy use is 1,100 TWh less in the US than in China in 2009. The same year the share of energy imports in the US is 26% of primary energy use. Imports of energy decreased by about 22% and annual CO2 emissions by 10% in 2009 compared to 2004.
Energy consumption by source
Petroleum
Oil is one of the largest energy sources in the United States. The United States affects world oil reserves for growth and development. Over the course of the 20th century, petroleum is increasingly important by providing heating and power to the commercial and industrial sector. Oil is also used in transportation; first for railroads and then for motor vehicles.
As cars become more affordable, demand for oil quickly increases. Since the rise of the car industry, oil prices, demand, and production have all increased. Between 1900 and 1980, fuel directly correlated with GNP. Furthermore, oil shocks often coincide with a recession, and the government has responded to oil shocks in several ways. In the 1920s, oil prices peaked and many commentators believed that oil supplies were running out. Congress was confronted by the demand for additional supplies, so the generous depletion allowance was applied to the producers in 1926, which increased substantial investment returns. These changes induce additional exploration activities, and then the discovery of large new oil reservoirs.
The next decade the situation is reversed, with low prices and declining. This results in demands for "more regular" competition and setting minimum oil prices. Rather than overturning previous policies enacted in the 1920s, Congress enforced a price support system. A similar cycle occurred in the 1950s and 70s.
Gas
Natural gas is the largest source of energy production in the United States by 2016, representing 33 percent of all energy produced in the country. Natural gas has been the largest source of electricity in the United States since July 2015.
The United States has been the largest natural gas producer in the world since 2009, when it surpassed Russia. US natural gas production reaches new record highs for each year from 2011 to 2015. Natural gas production marketed in 2015 is 28.8 trillion cubic feet, a 5.4% increase over 2014, and a 52% increase from production of 18.9 trillion cubic feet per day in 2005.
Due to greater supply, consumer prices for natural gas are significantly lower in the United States than in Europe and Japan. The low price of natural gas, along with a smaller carbon footprint compared to coal, has driven the rapid growth in electricity generated from natural gas.
Between 2005 and 2014, US natural gas (NGL) production increased 70%, from 1.74 million barrels per day in 2005 to 2.96 million barrels per day by 2014. The US has been the world's largest producer of natural gas liquids since 2010 , when the production of NGL US passes through Saudi Arabia.
Although the United States leads the world in natural gas production, only the fifth in proven reserves of natural gas, behind Russia, Iran, Qatar, and Turkmenistan.
Coal
Electrical generation is the largest user of coal, although its use is declining. About 50% of the electricity generated by coal in 2005, decreased by 30% by 2016. Utility electricity buys more than 90% of the coal consumed in the United States.
The United States is a net coal exporter. The export of coal, where Europe is the largest customer, peaked in 2012, and has declined since then. In 2015, the US exported 7.0% of the mined coal.
Coal has been used to generate electricity in the United States since the Edison plant was built in New York City in 1882. The first AC power plant was opened by General Electric in Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania in 1902, serving Webster Coal and Coke Company. By the mid-20th century, coal had become the main fuel to generate electricity in the US. The long-term and steady rise of coal-fired power plants shifted to decline after 2007. This decline is linked to increased availability of natural gas, lower consumption, renewable energy, and tighter environmental regulations. The Environmental Protection Agency has further restrictions on coal mills to fight mercury contamination, smog, and global warming.
Hydroelectric
Nuclear
Other renewable energy
Final energy consumption
Consumption by sector
The US Department of Energy tracks national energy consumption in four major sectors: industry, transportation, housing, and commercial. The industrial sector has long been the largest energy user in the country, currently representing about 33% of the total. The next important thing is the transport sector, followed by the residential and commercial sectors.
Region variation
The use of household energy varies greatly throughout the United States. The average house in the Pacific region (consisting of California, Oregon, and Washington) consumes 35% less energy than homes in the South Central region. Some regional differences can be explained by the climate. The densely populated coastal regions of the Pacific generally experience mild winters and summers, reducing the need for home heating and air conditioning. Warm and humid climate in the South and South Atlantic regions leads to higher electricity usage, while winter weather in the Northeast and North Central regions results in higher consumption of natural gas and heating oil. The country with the lowest per capita energy usage is New York, at 205 million Btu/year, and the highest is Wyoming, slightly above 1 billion Btu/year.
Other regional differences stem from energy efficiency measures taken at the local and state levels. California has some of the most stringent environmental laws and building codes in the country, leading to lower energy consumption per household than all other states except Hawaii.
Decisions on urban and municipal land use also explain some regional differences in energy use. Townhouses are more energy-efficient than single-family homes because less heat, for example, is wasted per person. Similarly, areas with more homes in crowded environments encourage walking, cycling and transit, thereby reducing the use of transportation energy. AP US study in 2011. The study found that multi-family homes in urban environments, with well-insulated buildings and fuel-efficient cars, can save more than 2/3 of the energy used by single family homes built conventionally in suburban areas (with a standard car).
Electricity
The United States is the second largest producer and consumer of electricity in the world. It consumes about 20% of the world's electricity supply. This section provides a summary of the consumption and generation of the national electricity industry, based on data mined from the US DoE Energy/Electricity Annual Energy 2015 USA file. Data obtained from the latest DOE Energy Information Agency (EIA) file. Consumption is detailed from the residential, commercial, industrial, and other residential community. The generations are detailed for major fuel sources of coal, natural gas, nuclear, petroleum, hydro, and other renewable energy from wind, wood, other biomass, geothermal, and solar. Changes in fuel energy mix and other trends are identified. Advances in wind and solar contribute to the energy mix discussed. The expected changes in generational environments over the next 5 years will be discussed.
Consumption
Data on electricity consumption in this section is based on data mined from the US DOE Energy Information Administration/Electric Power Annual 2016 file In 2016 the total US electricity consumption is 4,137.1 terawatt-hours (TWh) (or million MWh or billion kWh). Consumption is basically flat from 2015, with a decrease of 6 TWh or 0.15%. This is described as:
- Residential customers (131.07 million) consumed directly 1,411.1 TWh, or 34.11% of the total. This is up 7 TWh from 2015. The average residential customer is using 897.2 kWh/month and with the average US housing cost of $ 0.1255/kWh the average monthly electricity bill will be $ 112.59, down slightly from 2015.
- Commercial customers (18,148 million) consumed directly 1,367.2 TWh or 33.05% of the total. This is only slightly more (6.44 TWh) than in 2015. The average commercial customer used 6,278 kWh/month and with the average commercial cost of US $ 0.1043/kWh the average monthly electricity bill would be $ 654.78, down slightly from 2015.
- Industrial customers (about 838,100) immediately consume 976.7 TWh or 23.61% of the total. It's a little less than 2015 (-1.0%).
- Transportation customers (86) are consumed directly 7.50 TWh or 0.18% of the total. This is slightly lower (0.14 TWh) than in 2015.
- Loss of system across total electricity network infrastructure with direct use of suppliers (139.8 TWh) and for transmission and other system losses and due to unfulfilled load (234.8 TWh) of 374.6 TWh or 9.1% of the total down 0.2% from 2015. Thus, the US electricity distribution system is 90.94% efficient and efficiency has increased over the past year.
The profile of electric energy consumption for 2016 is shown in the following graph. The minimum April 298 G kWhs to peak July 417 G kWhs shows the monthly range of consumption variations.
The following table is derived from data mined from Annual Electricity. identifying countries that must import electrical energy from neighboring countries to meet their consumption needs. Each total state power plant for 2016 is compared with state consumption and its share of system losses and the difference between the electrical energy generated and its total consumption (including its share of system losses) is the amount of energy it imports. For Hawaii (HI), the total consumption is equal to the energy produced. For other countries, multiplying their direct consumption by 1.099688991 (4127150643/3753016241), resulting in a US supply (including net import) equal to the country's total consumption. The following chart provides details. The graph shows every state of import situation with respect to the consumption of electrical energy greater than its generation.
Generation
The United States has an installed power plant capacity of 1,074.3 GW. The power plant is 4,076.8 TWh by 2016.
US imports minus exports is 60.27 TWh with a total of 4,137.1 TWh of electrical energy for US use. Electrical energy generated from coal is 1,239.15 TWh (29.95%); Natural gas and others, 1,391.11 TWh (33.63%); Nuclear, 805.69 TWh (19.47%); Hydro, 269.81 TWh (6.47%); Renewables (other than Hydro), 341.64 TWh (8.26%); Import fewer exports, 60.27 TWh (1.46%); Petroleum, 24.20 TWh (0.59%); and Misc (including pumped storage) 7.22 TWh (0.18%). US renewable fuels (Hydro reported separately) are Wind, 226.99 TWh (5.49%); Wood, 40.95 TWh (0.99%); Other biomass, 21.81 TWh (0.53%); Geothermal, 15.83 TWh (0.38%) and Solar, 36.05 TWh (0.87%). In addition, small-scale solar is estimated to have produced an additional 12.77 TWh. 2016 is the year when Natural Gas surpasses Coal as a major source of electrical energy for the US.
The following table summarizes the electrical energy generated by the fuel source for the United States. Data from 2016 Annual Power is used throughout this section.
Note: Biomass includes wood and wood derivatives, landfill gas, biogenic municipal solid waste and other biomass wastes.
Power plant by source
Import and export America
Using data from the US DOE Energy Information Administration/Annual Electric Power 2015 Data files are obtained from the latest files from the DOE Energy Information Agency (EIA) last year. The following table is derived from data mined from Annual Electricity. identifying countries that generate more electrical energy than they need to meet their consumption needs. They supply those who need extra energy. Each declares total power generation for 2016 compared to state consumption and its share of the loss and difference system between the electrical energy generated and its total consumption (including its share of the loss system) is the amount of energy it exports. For Hawaii (HI), total consumption is equal to the energy produced. For other countries, multiplying their direct consumption by 1.1099688991 (4127150643/3753016241) generates a US supply (including net import) equal to the total consumption of the country. Country exports are determined by reducing the country's total consumption of its generation.
Renewable energy
Renewable energy in the United States accounts for 13.2 percent of domestically produced electricity by 2014, and 11.2 percent of total energy generation. In 2014, more than 143,000 people work in the solar power industry and 43 countries apply clean metering, where energy utilities buy back excess power generated by solar arrays.
Renewable energy reached a major milestone in the first quarter of 2011, when it contributed 11.7 percent of the total US energy production (2,245 quadrillion BTUs of energy), surpassing energy production from nuclear power (2.125 quadrillion BTUs). 2011 is the first year since 1997 that renewable energy exceeds nuclear in total US energy production.
Hydroelectric power is currently the largest renewable energy producer in the US. This generates about 6.2% of the total national electricity in 2010 which is 60.2% of the total renewable power in the United States. The United States is the fourth largest hydroelectric producer in the world. after China, Canada and Brazil. The Grand Coulee Dam is the 5th largest hydro power plant in the world.
The installed capacity of US wind power now exceeds 65,000 MW and supplies 4% of the country's electricity. Texas is well established as a leader in wind power development, followed by Iowa and California.
The US has some of the largest solar farms in the world. Solar Star is a 579 megawatt (MW AC ) farm near Rosamond, California. The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm is a 550 MW solar power plant in Riverside County, California and Topaz Solar Farm, a 550 MW photovoltaic power station, located in San Luis Obispo County, California. The solar thermal SEGS plant group in the Mojave Desert has a total generating capacity of 354 MW.
Geysers in Northern California is the largest complex of geothermal energy production in the world.
The development of renewable energy and efficient energy use marks the "new era of energy exploration" in the United States, according to President Barack Obama. Studies show that if there is sufficient political will is feasible to supply the United States total with 100% renewable energy by 2050.
Trends and projections
By 2015 the use of electrical energy in the United States is 1.6% more than in 2005 and 1% lower than peak in 2007. Per capita consumption has declined by about 7% since its peak in 2007 and every year since it has shown a decline in individual consumption.. Conservation efforts are helpful. At least, for the next decade, coal, natural gas and nuclear will remain the top three fuels for power generation in the United States. Coal will continue to reduce its contribution to natural gas that increases its contribution. Nuclear will have some downs (decommissioning) and up (new online plants) but may remain about constant. Hydro will be maintained. Petroleum will continue to decline. Wind and sun will continue to grow important; their combined generation is 5.29% of US electricity generation for 2015 or 5.20% of total US consumption.
From the start of the United States to 1973, total energy use (including electricity) increased by about 3%/year, while the population increased by an average of 2.2%/yr. The energy use per capita from 1730 to 1870 is about 100 million Btu/person. In the 20th century this increased to 300 million (332 million Btu/person/year, 97 thousand kWh/person/year in 1981).
In 2001, Vice President Dick Cheney said the US would need "at least 1,300 new power plants over the next 20 years."
Increased efficiency can cause energy use to decrease dramatically.
A concentrated solar array (CSP) with thermal storage has a practical capacity factor of 33% and can provide power 24 hours a day. Prior to 2012, in six southwestern states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico and Utah), the US Land Management Bureau (BLM) has nearly 98 million acres (larger area of ​​the state of Montana) open to proposals for solar power installations. To streamline application considerations, BLM produces the Programatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS). With the next Record of Decision in October 2012, BLM draws 78 percent of its land from the possibility of developing solar power, leaving 19 million acres still open for applications for solar installations, an area almost as big as South Carolina. From the area left open to solar proposals, BLM has identified 285 thousand hectares in a very lucrative area called the Solar Energy Zone. In Spain, with natural gas reserves, CSP has achieved a capacity factor of 66%, with 75% becoming theoretical maximum.
See also
- Doctrine Carter
- The Climate Registry
- Efficient energy use
- Energy conservation in the United States
- United States energy policy
- The world's energy resources
- World energy consumption
- List of countries based on energy consumption and production
- List of countries based on per capita energy consumption
- List of US states by electricity production from renewable sources
References
Further reading
- GA Mansoori, N Enayati, LB Agyarko (2016), Energy: Source, Utilization, Legislation, Sustainability, Illinois as Model Country, World Sci. Pub. Co., ISBNÃ, 978-981-4704-00-7
- Tough Love for Renewable Energy; Making Solar Power and Affordable Power May/June 2012 Overseas
External links
- Energy Information Administration - Official Energy Statistics from the US Government Energy Information Administration
- Biomass Energy Data Book
- Building Energy Data Book
- International Federation & amp; Green ICT IFGICT web site
- Power Technologies Energy Data Book (complete)
- Transportation Energy Data Book
- Interactive United States Energy Comparison
- Renewable Energy reaches 10% of US Energy Production
- US. Fact Sheet System of Energy by the University of Michigan Sustainable Systems Center
- Estimated US Energy Usage in 2011 | Visual.ly
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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