cruises or cruises are passenger ships used for pleasure voyages, when the voyage itself, ship facilities, and sometimes different destinations along the way (ie, port of call) , is part of the experience. Transportation is not the only destination for sailing, especially on cruise ships that return passengers to their original ports (known as "closed-loop voyages"). At "cruise to everywhere" or "cruise shipping", the ship makes 2-3 nights round trip without port of call.
In contrast, specialized transport-oriented ships carry out "cruise lines" and usually transport passengers from one point to another, not on the return trip. Traditionally, liners for cross-ocean trading will be built to a higher standard than typical cruises, including higher freeboard and stronger coatings to withstand rough seas and adverse conditions encountered in the open sea, such as the North Atlantic. Marine seams also typically have a greater capacity for fuel, food, and other stores for consumption on a long journey, compared to special yachts, but few still exist, such as the preserved liner and Queen Mary 2 , which makes the North Atlantic shipping schedule.
Though often luxurious, the ocean layers have characteristics that make them unsuitable for sailing, such as high fuel consumption, deep design that prevents them from entering shallow harbors, closed weather decks not suitable for tropical weather, and cabins designed to maximize the number of passengers rather than comfort (such as the proportion of high windowless suites). The gradual evolution of the design of passenger ships from ship to yacht has seen passenger cabins shift from inside the hull to the superstructure with private verandas. Modern yachts, while sacrificing some marine qualities, have added facilities to serve water travelers, and ships have recently been described as "floating looed condo balconies".
The difference between ships and cruise ships has been blurred, especially with regards to deployment, although differences in construction remain. Larger cruises have also made longer journeys, such as oceanic voyages that may not return to the same harbor for months (longer return trips). Several former marine liners operate as cruise ships, such as Marco Polo , although this number is decreasing. The only special transatlantic marine vessel operating as a liner by December 2013 is Queen Mary 2 from Cunard Line. He also has a contemporary yacht facility and sees significant service on the cruise ship
Cruising has become a major part of the tourism industry, accounting for US $ 29.4 billion with more than 19 million passengers employed worldwide in 2011. Rapid industrial growth has seen nine or more newly built ships serving North American customers added every year since 2001, as well as others serving European clients. Smaller markets, such as the Asia-Pacific region, are generally served by older vessels. It is displaced by new ships in high-growth areas.
The largest cruise ship in the world today is Royal Caribbean International Symphony of the Seas .
Video Cruise ship
Histori
Origins
The birth of recreational excursion begins with the establishment of Peninsula & amp; Oriental Steam Navigation Company in 1822. The company started out as a cruise line with routes between England and the Iberian Peninsula, adopting the name of the Peninsular Steam Navigation Company . He won his first contract to send a letter in 1837. In 1840, he began sending letters to Alexandria, Egypt, through Gibraltar and Malta. The company was founded by Royal Charter in the same year, becoming Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company.
P & amp; O the first passenger cruiser service introduced in 1844, advertise sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens, sailing from Southampton. The pioneer of the modern day cruise holiday, this voyage is the first of their kind, and P & amp; O Cruises has been recognized as the world's oldest shipping lane. The company then introduced round-trips to destinations such as Alexandria and Constantinople. It experienced a period of rapid expansion in the second half of the 19th century, commissioning larger and more luxurious vessels to serve an expanding market. The famous ships of the time included SS Ravenna built in 1880, which became the first ship built with a total steel superstructure, and SS Valetta which was built in 1889, which was the first ship to use electric lights.
Some sources mention Francesco I, raising the Royal Sicilian (Italian) flag, as the first cruise ship. He was built in 1831 and sailed from Naples in early June 1833, preceded by an advertising campaign. The cruise ship was boarded by nobles, rulers, and princely princes from all over Europe. In just three months, the ship sailed to Taormina, Catania, Syracuse, Malta, Corfu, Patras, Delphi, Zante, Athens, Smyrna, Constantinople, delighting passengers with guided visits and guided tours, dancing, deck card tables and party rides. However, it is limited to the European aristocracy and not a commercial undertaking.
The voyage of the German ship of Augusta Victoria in the Mediterranean and Near East from 22 January to 22 March 1891, with 241 passengers including Albert Ballin and wife, popularized the voyage to the wider market. Christian Wilhelm Allers published a report illustrated as Backschisch (Baksheesh).
The first vessel built exclusively for luxury cruises, is German Prinzessin Victoria Luise, designed by Albert Ballin, general manager of Hamburg-America Line. The ship was completed in 1900.
The practice of luxury luxury makes a breakthrough in the more established markets for transatlantic crossings. In competition for passengers, naval vessels add luxury -
In 1897, there were three luxury ships for transportation, for European travel to North America. This is European property. In 1906, the number increased to seven. The British Inman line is owned by Paris City , Cunard Line has Compania and Lucania . The White Star Line has Majestic and Teutonic . La Lorraine and La Savoie is owned by Compagnie GÃÆ' Â © nÃÆ' Â © rale Transatlantique France.
From luxurious marine liners to "megaship" roaming
With the emergence of large passenger jet aircraft in the 1960s, intercontinental travelers switched from ship to plane that sent ship-ships trading to terminal declines. Certain characteristics of older marine layers make them unsuitable for roaming tasks, such as high fuel consumption, deep designs preventing them from entering shallow harbors, and cabins (often without windows) designed to maximize passenger numbers rather than comfort.
Sea service intended for passengers ceased in 1986, with the exception of a transatlantic crossing operated by the British shipping company Cunard Line, which serves a niche market for those who appreciate a few days at sea. In an effort to shift the market focus from passenger travel to roaming with entertainment value, Cunard Line pioneered the luxury cruise ship transatlantic service aboard the ocean vessel Queen Elizabeth 2 . International celebrities are employed to perform cabaret action on airplanes and the crossings are advertised as the holidays themselves.
Queen Elizabeth 2 also inaugurated the "first class roam" where all passengers receive the same backdrop and facilities. It revitalized the market because the attractiveness of luxury cruises began to rise, on both sides of the Atlantic. The 1970's TV series Love Boat , helped popularize this concept as a romantic occasion for couples. Other ships to make this transition are SS Norway , originally the French SS ships and then converted into a cruise duty as the first "super ship" in the Caribbean.
The contemporary cruises built in the late 1980s and later, such as the Sovereign - a record-breaking cluster held for decades by Norway , show the characteristics of size and power ever reserved for marine liners - some have made regular transatlantic crossings on a regular basis. Sovereign class vessels are the first "megaships" built for the mass market of exploration, they are also the first cruise ship series to include a multi-story atrium with glass lifts. They also have a deck that is completely reserved for cabins with private balconies rather than oceanview cabins. Other shipping lines soon launch ships with the same attributes, such as the Fantasy class, which leads to the Panamax type Vista class, designed in such a way that two-thirds of ocean view. staterooms has a veranda. Since the porch suites are particularly favorable for the cruise lines, something that is lacking in older seafloor, recent cruise ships have been designed to maximize such facilities and have been described as "balcony-laden balcony condos."
Until 1975-1980, the yacht offers shuffleboard, deck chairs, "drinks with umbrellas and a few more for a few hundred passengers." After 1980, they offered improved facilities. In 2010, city-sized ships had dozens of facilities.
There are nine or more new cruises added annually since 2001, including 11 Vista class members, and all at 100,000 Ã, GT or larger. The only comparable marine vessel to be completed in the last few years is Cunard Line's Queen Mary 2 in 2004. After retiring from her partner Queen Elizabeth 2 in November 2008, Queen Mary 2 is the only liner operating on transatlantic routes, although it also sees significant service on the cruise route.
Queen Mary 2 was temporarily for the largest passenger vessel before it was exceeded by the Royal Caribbean International Freedom vessel in 2006. Classes Freedom ships at the turn was taken over by RCI class ships Oasis which entered service in 2009 and 2010. A distinctive feature of the Oasis class vessel is the split-atrium structure split, made possible by the incredible wide hulls, with 6-deck high "Central Park" and "Boardwalk" outdoor area flowing in the middle of the ship and veranda on all decks.
In the two short decades (1988-2009), the largest class yacht has grown a third longer (268 m to 360 m), almost double its width (32.2 m to 60.5 m), doubling total passengers (2.744 to 5,400), and weighs three times (73,000 GT to 225,000 GT). Also, "megaships" went from a single deck with porches to all decks with verandas. While the golden age of marine coatings has faded, the golden age of cruise ships may be the last decade and decade to come.
Maps Cruise ship
Carriers and cruise lines
Cruise ship operators are known as cruise lines, which are companies that also market cruises to the public. The cruise line has a double character; they are partly in the transportation business, and partly in the recreational entertainment business, the duality that carries into the vessel itself, which has a crew headed by a ship's captain, and a hospitality staff led by the equivalent of a hotel manager. Among the cruise lines, some are direct descendents of traditional passenger cruise lines (such as Cunard), while others are established from the 1960s specifically for sailing.
Historically, the cruise ship business has been volatile. The ships are large capital investments with high operating costs. Continuous drop in orders can put the company in financial jeopardy. Shipping lines have sold, renovated, or renamed their ships to keep up with travel trends. The cruise line operates their ship almost 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 52 weeks a year. A ship that can not be used for routine maintenance means losing tens of millions of dollars. If maintenance is unscheduled, it can generate, potentially, in thousands of disgruntled customers.
The wave of failures and consolidation in the 1990s caused many shipping lines purchased by a much larger holding company and continued to operate as a "brand" or a subsidiary of the parent company. Brands are continuously maintained in part due to recurring customer loyalty expectations, and also to offer different levels of quality and service. For example, Carnival Corporation & amp; plc has both Carnival Cruise Line, whose former image is a ship that has a reputation as a "party ship" for young travelers, but has become large, modern, yet profitable, and Holland America Line, whose ship cultivates a classic elegance image. In 2004 Carnival combined Cunard's headquarters with Princess Cruises in Santa Clarita, California so that administrative, financial and technological services could be combined, ending the history of Cunard where it operated as a stand-alone company (subsidiary) regardless of parental ownership. However, Cunard regained some independence in 2009 when his headquarters was transferred to Carnival House in Southampton.
A common practice in the cruise line industry on cruise and order transfer lists is to register smaller operating companies, not larger parent companies, as recipients of new sales, transfer, or order shipping lines. In other words, Carnival Cruise Line and Holland America Line. for example, is a shipping lane from the point of view of this general industry practice; while Carnival Corporation & amp; plc and Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., for example, may be considered holding a shipping company. This industry practice uses smaller operating companies, not larger parent companies, is also followed in the list of shipping lanes and member-based reviews of shipping lanes.
Some cruise lines have specialized; for example, Saga Cruises only allows passengers over the age of 50 on board their vessels, and Star Clippers and formerly Windjammer Barefoot Cruises and Windstar Cruises operate only high ships. The Regent of Seven Seas Cruises operates medium-sized vessels - smaller than Carnival's "megaships" and Royal Caribbean - designed in such a way that 90% of their suites are balconies. Some special lines offer "expeditionary voyages" or operate only small ships, visiting specific destinations such as Arctic and Antarctica, or the Galapagos Islands. John W. Brown , which previously operated as part of US Merchant Marine during World War II before being converted into a museum ship, will still take place several times a year for six hours "Living History Cruises" that took the boat through Baltimore Harbor, down the Patapsco River, and into the Chesapeake Bay, and he is also the largest cruise ship operating under the American flag on the East Coast of the United States.
Currently, the world's five largest shipping companies and carriers are Carnival Corporation & amp; plc, Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., Star Cruises (which owns 50% of the Norwegian Cruise Line; NCL in itself is the third largest path), MSC Cruises, and Louis Cruise Lines. Louis Cruises has expanded its fleet by purchasing used or third older ships, while four other operators have built their own ships and incorporated most of the megaships.
Organization
The yacht is set up like a floating hotel, with a complete hospitality staff other than the usual crew. Not infrequently the most luxurious boats have more crew and staff than passengers.
Dining
Eating on almost all cruises is included in the cruise price.
Traditionally, the ship's restaurant arranges two dinner services per day, early meal and dinner, and passengers are allocated set meal times for the entire voyage; The latest trend is to allow visitors to eat whenever they want. Having two dinners lets the ship have enough time and space to accommodate all their guests. Having two different dinner services can cause some conflicts with some ship events (such as performances and shows) for late diners, but this problem is usually fixed by having a shorter version of the event going on before dinner. The Cunard Line vessel maintains the class tradition of marine vessels and has separate dining rooms for different types of suites, while Celebrity Cruises and Princess Cruises have a standard dining room and an upgraded restaurant that requires pre-orders and additional fees. Many cruises schedule one or more "formal dinner" nights. The guests are dressed "formal", but are defined for ships, often suitable and tie or even tuxedo for men, and formal wear for women. The menu is more luxurious than usual.
In addition to the dining area, modern cruises often contain one or more casual buffet-style restaurants, which may be open 24 hours and with a varied menu throughout the day to provide meals from breakfast to late night snacks. In recent years, shipping lanes have begun to include a variety of ethnic-themed restaurants on their respective boats. The ship also features many bars and nightclubs for passenger entertainment; the majority of shipping lanes do not include alcoholic beverages in the rates and their passengers are expected to pay for the drinks as they consume them. Most shipping lines also prohibit passengers from boarding and consuming their own drinks, including alcohol, while on board. Duty-free alcohol is sealed and returned to passengers as they argue.
Often there is a central kitchen which is responsible for serving all the great restaurants on board, although special restaurants may have separate galai.
Like ships, adequate provision is essential, especially on cruise ships that serve several thousand meals in every seat. For example, a quasi "military operation" is required to load and dismantle 3600 passengers and eight tons of food at the beginning and end of each voyage, to Royal Daughter .
Other on-board facilities
Most modern yachts have the following facilities:
- Casino - Only open when ships are at sea to avoid conflicts with local laws
- Shop - Only open when ship at sea to avoid local license and tax trading
- Spa
- Fitness center
- Library
- Theater with Broadway-style performances
- Movies
- Indoor and/or outdoor pool with waterslide
- Hot tub
- Buffet restaurant
- Lounges
- Gym
- Club
- Basketball field
- Tennis court
- Billiards table
- The ping pong table
- Hospitals and mortuaries
Beberapa kapal memiliki arena bowling, arena ice skating, dinding panjat tebing, simulator sky-diving, lapangan golf mini, arcade video, ziplines, simulator selancar, lapangan basket, lapangan tenis, restoran berantai dan/atau kursus rintangan tali.
Crew
Crew are typically employed on a three to eleven-month contract which can then be renewed as mutually agreed upon, based on the assessment of the services of passengers as well as the nature of the cycle of shipping line operators. Most of the staff work during 77 hours of work for 10 months continuously followed by 2 months holiday.
There are no paid holidays or pensions for non-management crew employees, depending on the level of position and type of contract. Non-service and management crew members get vacation, medical, retirement, and participate in group insurance plans.
Direct salaries are low for North American standards, although restaurant staff have great earning potential from passenger tips. Crew members have no fees while on board as food and accommodation, medical care, and transportation for most employees, are included. This makes the cruise liner career quite financially attractive to offset the lack of employee benefits.
The life arrangement varies according to the shipping line, but mostly by the position of the ship. In general two employees shared a cabin with showers, toilets and tables with television sets, while senior officers assigned a single cabin. There is a set of facilities for the crew that are separate from the passengers, such as the mess room and bar, recreation room, prayer/mosque room, and fitness center, with some larger boats even having a crew deck with pool and hot tub..
For the largest shipping operators, most of the "hotel staff" are employed from countries under industry in Asia, Eastern Europe, the Caribbean and Central America. While some shipping lanes are headquartered in the United States, like most international shipping companies, ships are registered in countries including the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the Bahamas, and Panama. The 2006 Maritime Employment Convention of the International Labor Organization, also known as "Bill of Rights Seafarers", grants comprehensive rights and protection to all crew members. The ILO sets strict standards on working hours and rest, health and safety, and living conditions of crew members and requires the government to ensure the vessel meets the requirements. For cruise routes around Hawaii, operators are required to register their ships in the United States and crew of unions, so these cruises are usually much more expensive than Caribbean and Mediterranean.
Business model
Most shipping lanes since the 2000s have the price of a cruising experience, to a certain extent, a la carte, because passengers who spend the boat generate more than ticket sales. Passenger tickets include cabin accommodation, room service, unlimited meals in the main dining room (or main restaurant) and buffet, access to the show, and use of pool and gym facilities, while there is a daily gratuity fee to cover housekeeping and maid service. However, there are additional charges for alcohol and soft drinks, official shipping photos, internet access and wi-fi, and specialty restaurants; it has been reported that casinos and photos have high profit margins. The cruise line gets significant results from onshore tour sales (keeping 50 percent or more of what passengers spend on this tour) offered by local contractors. In addition, cruise ships earn significant commissions for sales from onshore stores that are promoted on board as "preferred" (as much as 40 percent of gross sales). Facilitating this practice is a modern shipping terminal with duty-free shops within the limits accessible only to passengers and non-residents. Port of call often orientate their own business and facilities to meet the needs of visiting cruises. In one case, Icy Strait Point in Alaska, the entire destination was made explicit and only for cruise ship visitors.
Travel to and from the port of departure is the responsibility of the passenger, although purchasing a transfer pass from the cruise line for travel between the airport and cruise terminal will guarantee that the ship will not go until the passenger goes up. Similarly, if a passenger orders a beach trip with a cruise line and a late walking tour, the ship is required to remain until the passenger returns.
Luxury shipping lines like Regent Seven Seas Cruises and Crystal Cruises market their tickets as "all-inclusive". For example, the base rate for the Seven Seas Regent's ships includes alcoholic beverages on board and most of the beaches on the harbor call, as well as all the gratuities that would normally be paid to the hotel staff on board. Rates may also include a one-night stay at the hotel before boarding, and plane tickets to and from the port of origin and destination of the voyage.
Ship naming
The older cruise ship has many owners. usually ownership transfers contain changes and name changes. Some boats have a dozen or more identities.
Many shipping lines have common naming schemes they use for their boats. Some lines use their name as a prefix or suffix in the name of the ship (such as "Carnival", "AIDA", "Disney", or "Norwegian" and "Princess" suffix). Other lines use unique words or phrases (such as the "Pacific" prefix for Australian Cruises P or O Cruises or the "of the Seas" ending for Royal Caribbean International or "-dam" for ships from Holland America Line). The addition of these prefixes and suffixes allows multiple cruise lines to use the same popular vessel names while retaining unique identifiers for each vessel.
Utilization of the yacht
Due to the slower speed and diminution of the ocean, and most of it was introduced after several major wars, the cruise ship was never used as a troop carrier ship. In contrast, naval vessels are often regarded as the pride of their country and used to rival other countries, and have been taken over during the Second World War and Falklands War to transport soldiers and serve as hospital boats.
Cruise ships and former liners often find work in apps other than the ones they build. The lack of hotel accommodation for the 2004 Summer Olympics led to plans to tether a number of cruise ships in Athens to provide tourist accommodations.
On September 1, 2005, the US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) contracted three Carnival Sailing vessels (Carnival Fantasy, former Carnival Holidays and Carnival Sensations) to the Hurricane Katrina evacuation house.
In 2010, in response to the closure of British airspace due to the eruption of Iceland's EyjafjallajÃÆ'¶kull volcano, the recently completed Celebrity Eclipse was used to rescue 2,000 British tourists stranded in Spain as a goodwill act by the owners. The ship departs from Southampton to Bilbao on 21 April, and returns on 23 April.
By 2017, yachts were used to help transport residents from several Caribbean islands destroyed by Irma storms [2] as well as Puerto Rican residents displaced by the storm of Mary [3]
Regional industry
Most cruises sail to the Caribbean or the Mediterranean. Others operate elsewhere in places like Alaska, the South Pacific, the Baltic Sea and New England. A cruise ship that moves from one of these areas to another will usually operate a repositioning voyage while doing so. The expedition voyage, which normally operates small vessels, visits certain more specialized destinations such as Arctic and Antarctica, or the Galapagos Islands.
The number of shipping travelers worldwide in 2005 is estimated at around 14 million. The main area for sailing is North America (70% of cruise ships), where Caribbean islands are the most popular destinations.
The second most popular region is the European continent (13%), where the fastest growing segment is a cruise ship in the Baltic Sea. The most visited Baltic ports are Copenhagen, St. Petersburg, Tallinn, Stockholm and Helsinki. Port of St. Petersburg, the main port of the Baltic, received 426,500 passengers during the 2009 cruise season.
According to CEMAR 2010 statistics, the Mediterranean shipping market is undergoing rapid and fundamental change; Italy has won a prime position as a destination for European cruises, and a destination for the entire Mediterranean basin. The most visited ports of the Mediterranean Sea are Barcelona (Spain), Civitavecchia (Italy), Palma (Spain) and Venice (Italy).
2013 saw the entrance of the first Chinese company to the cruise market. China's first luxury yacht, Henna, made its maiden voyage from Sanya Phoenix Island International Port in late January.
Caribbean cruising industry
The Caribbean cruise industry is one of the largest in the world, responsible for over $ 2 billion in direct revenue to Caribbean islands by 2012. More than 45,000 people from the Caribbean are directly employed in the shipping industry. An estimated 17,457,600 cruise ship passengers visit the islands in 2011-2012 voyages (May 2011 to April 2012.) Cruise lines operating in the Caribbean include Royal Caribbean International, Princess Cruises, Carnival Cruise Line, Celebrity Cruises, Disney Cruise Line, Holland America, P & amp; O, Cunard, Crystal Cruises, Pullmantur Cruises, and Norwegian Cruise Line. There is also a smaller cruise line that serves a more intimate feeling among their guests. The three largest shipping operators are Carnival Corporation, Royal Caribbean International, and Star Cruises/Norwegian Cruise Lines.
Many American shipping routes to the Caribbean depart from Port of Miami, with "nearly a third of cruise ships sailing out of Miami in recent years." Other cruises depart from Port Everglades (in Fort Lauderdale), Port Canaveral (about 45 miles (72 km) east of Orlando), New York, Tampa, Galveston, New Orleans, Cape Liberty, Baltimore, Jacksonville, Charleston, Norfolk, Mobile, and San Juan, Puerto Rico. Several British yachts base their ships out of Barbados for the Caribbean season, operating direct charter flights from the UK.
The busiest call port in the Caribbean for sailing in 2013 is listed below
Shipyards
The construction market for cruise ships is dominated by two European companies and one Asian company:
- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan.
- Meyer Werft of Germany with two shipyards:
- Meyer Werft of Germany.
- Meyer Turku at Perno shipyard in Turku, Finland
- Fincantieri from Italy.
A large number of cruise ships have been built by other shipyards, but no other individual pages reach the large number of ships being built that are reached by the four ships above.
Security
Security
Since most of the passengers on cruise ships are prosperous and have great potential ransom, not to mention a large amount of cash and jewelry on ships (casinos and shops), there are some high profile pirate attacks on cruise ships, as in the Seabourn Spirit and MSC Melody .
As a result, the yacht has implemented various security measures. While most commercial shipping firms generally avoid arming crew or security guards for safety reasons, responsibilities and conformity with the laws of the countries in which they are anchored, cruise ships have small arms (usually semi-automatic pistols) that are kept in a safe place only accessible by captains that distribute it to authorized personnel such as security or master-at-arms. High-pressure flame hoses from the vessel can be used to keep the dormitory occupants, and often the vessel itself can maneuver to rob a pirate plane. The latest technology to prevent pirates is the LRAD or sonic cannon used in the successful defense of Seabourn Spirit.
Passengers entering the yacht are screened by metal detectors . Explosive detection machines used include X-ray machines and explosive trace portal tracking machines (a.k.a. "puffer machines"), to prevent weapons and smuggled goods on ships. Security has been tightened considerably since September 11, 2001, so these measures are similar to airport security.
In addition to security checkpoints, passengers are often given a special ship identification card, which must be shown for boarding or boarding. This prevents those who rise to the top who are not entitled to do so, and also ensures the crew knows who is on board. Cruise ship ID cards are also used as passenger room keys. CCTV cameras are often installed throughout the vessel.
Stability
The design of the yacht has changed dramatically over the last few decades. One of the biggest changes has moved the passenger cabin from inside the hull to the superstructure and adds individual balconies both because of customer demand and because, from a business point of view, the cruise line can fill passengers far more than inside the cabin. This greatly increases the overall height of the vessel, making it more susceptible to wind and side waves. As a result, there are concerns about the stability of modern passenger ships especially in bad weather. Because there are more ships on the surface than below, modern yachts may seem tough for some people.
Despite the large superstructure, the modern mass cruise ship center is relatively low. This is due to the large open spaces and the extensive use of aluminum, high strength steel and other lightweight materials at the top, and the fact that the heaviest components - engines, propellers, fuel tanks and the like - are located at the bottom of the ship. So, although modern yachts may seem heavy, the exact weight distribution ensures they are not. In addition, large cruises also tend to be very wide, which greatly improves their initial stability by increasing metacentric altitude.
Although most passenger ships use stabilizers to reduce linting in inclement weather, they are only used for crew and passenger comfort and do not contribute to the overall stability of the vessel. Ships must meet all stability requirements even with retractable stabilizer fins.
Infection on cruise ships
Norovirus
Noroviruses are the most common cause of gastroenteritis in developed countries and so widespread that only common colds are reported more frequently. Symptoms usually last between 1 and 3 days and generally heal without treatment or long-term consequences. The virus incubation period averages about 24 hours.
In his coverage of the 2016 CDC study on noroviruses on cruise ships, the Journal of the American Medical Association reported that, "The perception that cruises can be a luxurious breeding ground for acute gastroenteritis is not waterproof.The CDC report recently showed that from 2008 to 2014, only 0.18% of over 73 million cruise ship passengers and 0.15% of the approximately 28 million crew reported symptoms of the disease. "
Estimates of the possibility of contracting gastroenteritis from any cause on a 7 day shipping average less than 1%. In 2009, where more than 13 million people made the voyage, there were nine reports of norovirus outbreaks on cruise ships. An outbreak investigation by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that the spread among cruise ship passengers is mainly from person to person; drinking water supply has not been implied. In 2009, ships undergoing abrupt checks at US ports received an average CDC Ship Cleaning Program score of 97 out of a total of 100 points. The minimum passing examination score is 85. Collaboration with the CDC Ship Sanitation Program and the development of the Epidemic Prevention and Response Plan have helped to generally lower the incidence of norovirus outbreaks on ships. The CDC states that the reason why norovirus is associated with cruise ships is because "(1) health officials track disease on cruise ships, so outbreaks are found and reported faster on cruise ships than on land; (2) Near residence may increase number of group contacts, and (3) the arrival of new passengers can carry the virus to passengers and other crew. "Data for 2015 shows that there are only 11 outbreaks of norovirus on cruise ships. '
Legal
Legionnaires'Other pathogens that can colonize pools and spas including those on cruises include Legionella, the bacteria that cause Legionnaires disease. Legionella , and especially the most severe strains, Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, may cause infection when inhaled as aerosol or aspirated. Individuals who are immunocompromised and those with chronic respiratory and chronic heart disease are already more susceptible. Legionnaires' has rarely been associated with cruise ships. Cruise Sanitation Program The Cruise industry has special public health requirements to control and prevent Legionella.
Environmental impact
- "Cruise ships generate a number of waste streams that can lead to discharges into the marine environment, including waste, graywater, hazardous wastes, oily ship hulls, ballast water, and solid waste They also emit airborne pollutants into air and water, this waste, if not properly treated and disposed of, can be a significant source of pathogens, nutrients, and toxic substances with the potential to threaten human health and undermine aquatic life.The cruise ships represent a small - though highly visible - part of the entire international shipping industry, the waste described here is not unique to cruise ships.Some types of waste, such as waste, graywater, and solid waste, may be of greater concern to cruise ships relative to other sailing vessels at sea, as the number of passengers and crew members carrying cruise ships and large volumes of waste they produce because cruise ships tend to concentrate their activities ka on specific coastal areas and visit the same ports repeatedly (mainly Florida, California, New York, Galveston, Seattle, and Alaska waters), their cumulative impact on local scale can be significant, as does the impact of large-volume releases of individuals either intentional or intentional). "
Some shipping lanes, such as Cunard, take steps to reduce environmental impact by refraining from release (RMS Queen Mary 2 has zero-debit policies) and reducing their CO2 output every year.
See also
- The cruise line
- List of cruises
- List of shipping lines
- List of ocean liners
- Superliner (passenger ship)
- Cruiseferry
- River cruises
- Browse (maritime)
- Lido
- List of the world's largest cruise ships
- Cruise ID card
- Pollution yacht in the United States
Note
References
Note
Bibliography
External links
- Resources related to Cruise on Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- "Cruise Ship Cruise Fact Sheet". United States Coast Guard. July 1998 . Retrieved December 19 2007 . Ã, Information on security surveillance, security, and complaints for ships from US registration or visiting US ports.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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