An battery electric vehicle ( BEV ), or electric vehicle is a type of electric vehicle (EV) that uses chemical energy stored in refill packets battery. BEV uses an electric motor and motor controller instead of an internal combustion engine (ICE) for propulsion. They get all the power from the battery pack and thus do not have an internal combustion engine, fuel cell, or fuel tank. BEVs include - but are not limited to - motorcycles, bicycles, scooters, skateboards, trains, boats, forklifts, buses, trucks, and cars.
The cumulative global sales of large-capacity electric cars capable of passing on highways reaches one million units by September 2016. As of April 2018, the world's top-selling electronics highway of all electric cars in history is Leaf Nissan with global sales of more than 300,000 units, followed by Tesla Model S with more than 200,000 units shipped worldwide.
Video Battery electric vehicle
Terminology
Vehicles using both electric motors and internal combustion engines are examples of hybrid electric vehicles, and are not considered pure or all-electric vehicles because they can not be charged externally (operating in charge-sustaining mode) and conversely they are constantly recharged with power from internal combustion engines and regenerative braking.
Hybrid vehicles with externally charged batteries to replace some or all of the power of internal combustion engines and petrol fuels are called plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and run as BEVs during charging mode. PHEVs with series powertrain are also called range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs), such as the Chevrolet Volt and Fisker Karma.
Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are subcategories of electric vehicles that include electric vehicle batteries (BEV), plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs), and conversion of electric vehicles from hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.
In China, plug-in electric vehicles, along with hybrid electric vehicles are called new energy vehicles (NEVs). However, in the United States, environmental electric vehicles (NEVs) are battery electric vehicles that are legally confined to roads with posted speed limits no higher than 45 miles per hour (72 km/h), usually built to have a top speed of 30 miles per hour (48 km/h), and has a maximum weight of 3,000 pounds.
Maps Battery electric vehicle
Vehicles by type
The concept of battery electric vehicles is to use batteries that are worn on vehicle boards for propulsion. The electric car battery is becoming more and more attractive with the advancement of new battery technology (Lithium Ion) which has higher power and density of energy (ie, more possible acceleration and more coverage with fewer batteries) and higher oil prices.
BEV includes cars, light trucks, and environmental electric vehicles.
Rel
- Battery power trains:
- Locomotive:
- Electric rail trolley:
Electric bus
Chattanooga, Tennessee operates nine zero-cost electric buses, which have been in operation since 1992 and have transported 11.3 million passengers and covered a distance of 3,100,000 kilometers (1.900.000 mi), they are made locally by Advanced Vehicle Systems. The two buses were used for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.
Starting in the summer of 2000, Hong Kong Airport began operating a 16-passenger Mitsubishi electric shuttle bus, and in the fall of 2000, New York City began testing a 66-passenger battery-powered school bus, an all-electric version of Blue Bird TC/2000. Similar buses were operated in Napa Valley, California for 14 months ending in April 2004.
The 2008 Beijing Olympics uses a fleet of 50 electric buses, which have a range of 130 km (81 mi) with air conditioning. They use Lithium-ion batteries, and consume about 1 kW? H/mi (0.62 kW? H/km; 2.2 MJ/km). The buses were designed by the Beijing Institute of Technology and built by Jinghua trainers. Battery replaced with fully charged at charging station to enable 24 hour bus operation.
In France, the phenomenon of electric buses is in development, but several buses are already operating in many cities. PVI, a medium-sized company located in the Paris region, is one of the market leaders under the Gepebus brand (offering Oreos 2X and Oreos 4X).
In the United States, the first fast-charging battery bus has been operating in Pomona, California since September 2010 at Foothill Transit. Proterra EcoRide BE35 uses lithium-titanate batteries and is capable of charging quickly in less than 10 minutes.
In 2014, the first production model of the all-electric school bus was delivered to Kings Canyon Unified School District in California's San Joaquin Valley. The bus was one of four districts booked. This battery's electric school bus, which has 4 nickel sodium batteries, is the first modern electric school bus approved for transportation of students by any state.
The same technology is used to drive Mountain View Community Shuttles. This technology is supported by the California Energy Commission, and the space shuttle program is supported by Google.
Guntur Sky
Thunder Sky (based in Hong Kong) builds lithium-ion batteries used in submarines and has three models of electric buses, 10/21 passengers EV-6700 with range of 280 km (170 million) below 20 minutes fast charging, EV city bus -2009, and 43 passenger EV-2008 passenger buses, which have a range of 300 km (190 mi) below the cost of fast (20 minutes to 80 percent), and 350 km (220 mi) under full load (25 minutes). The buses will also be built in the United States and Finland.
Free Tindo
Tindo is an electric bus from Adelaide, Australia. The Tindo (first word for the sun) is made by Designline International in New Zealand and gets its electricity from the solar PV system at the central bus station of Adelaide. Rides are zero-tariff as part of Adelaide's public transport system.
Fast Transit First Battery Transit Bus
Proterra's EcoRide BE35 bus transport, called Ecoliner by Foothill Transit in West Covina, California, is a heavy duty, fast payload, battery electric bus. Proterra's ProDrive drive system uses a UQM motor and regenerative braking that captures 90 percent of available energy and returns it to TerraVolt energy storage systems, which in turn increases the total distance the bus can drive by 31-35 percent. The aircraft can travel 30-40 miles on a single charge, up to 600 percent more fuel-efficient than regular diesel or CNG buses, and produce 44 percent less carbon than CNG.
Electric truck
For much of the 20th century, most of the world's battery electric vehicles were UK milk buoys. The 21st century witnessed the development of BYD's electric truck.
Electric vans
In March 2012, Smith Electric Vehicles announced the launch of Newton Step-Van, an all-electric zero-emission electric vehicle built on a versatile Newton platform featuring a walk-in body manufactured by Utilimaster based in Indiana.
Electric car
A battery-powered electric car is a car driven by an electric motor.
Although electric cars often provide good acceleration and have a generally acceptable top speed, the low energy specific battery of production available in 2015 compared to carbon-based fuels means that electric cars require batteries that are a considerable mass fraction of vehicles but still often providing a low range between costs. Refilling also takes a long time. For travel in one battery, rather than a long journey, an electric car is a form of practical transport and can be replenished overnight.
Electric cars potentially reduce city pollution significantly with zero tail pipe emissions. The greenhouse gas gas savings depend on how electricity is generated. With the current US energy mix, using an electric car will result in a 30 percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Given the current energy mix in other countries, it has been predicted that the emissions will be reduced by 40 percent in the UK, 19 percent in China, and only 1 percent in Germany.
Electric cars are expected to have a major impact in the automotive industry given the advantages in urban pollution, less dependence on oil, and expected gasoline price increases. The world government promises billions to fund the development of electric vehicles and their components. The US has pledged US $ 2.4 billion in federal grants for electric cars and batteries. China has announced it will provide US $ 15 billion to start the electric car industry.
Cumulative global sales of electric car batteries and vans capable of passing the milestone of 1 million units by September 2016. The Renault-Nissan Alliance is a leading manufacturer of electric vehicles. The Alliance achieved a sales milestone of 350,000 all-electric vehicles shipped globally in August 2016. The second rank is Tesla Motors with more than 139,000 electric cars sold between 2008 and June 2016.
In December 2016, the world's best-selling electrically capable car is the Nissan Leaf, released in December 2010, with global sales of over 250,000 units, followed by Tesla Model S with more than 158,000 units shipped worldwide. The next rank is BMW i with about 65,500 units, and Renault Zoe with 61,205 units, both up to December 2016. Until June 2016, the Mitsubishi i-MiEV family was ranked fifth with approximately 37,600 units shipped globally. Renault Kangoo Z.E. utility van is a lightweight all-electric segment leader with global sales of 25,205 units by December 2016.
Formula E is a fully electric single international seater championship. The series is organized in 2012, and the inaugural championship starts in Beijing on 13 September 2014. The series is approved by the FIA. Alejandro Agag is the current CEO of Formula E.
The Formula E championship is currently contested by ten teams with two riders each (after Team Trulli's withdrawal, while there are only nine competing teams). The race generally takes place in the downtown temporary circuit which has a length of about 2 to 3.4 km (1.2 to 2.1 mi). Currently, only Mexico City ePrix takes its place on the road, a modified version of Autonomo Hermanos RodrÃÆ'guez.
Environmental benefits of using electric vehicles
Electric vehicles do not produce greenhouse gas emissions, in the exhaust. So they are considered 'green' because they do not have emissions in the place where they are used. However, battery electric vehicles can be considered zero emission engines only locally, as they produce greenhouse gases in power plants where electricity is generated. Two factors that drive GHG emissions from this Battery Electric Vehicle are:
- The carbon intensity of electricity used to recharge the Electric Vehicles (commonly expressed in grams of CO2 per kWh)
- consumption of certain vehicles (in kilometers/kWh)
The intensity of the electric Carbon can vary greatly, depending on the electric mixture of the geographical area where electricity is consumed (Countries with high share of renewable energy in the electric mixture will have a low CI). In the EU, by 2013, Carbon Intensity has strong geographical variability, but in almost all Member States Electric vehicles are "greener" than the conventional ones. On average, electric cars save 50% -60% compared to diesel and gasoline engines. In addition, the de-carbonization process is constantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions due to the use of Electric Vehicles. In the EU, on average, between 2009 and 2013 there was a reduction in the intensity of electric carbon by 17%. In the life-cycle assessment perspective, taking into account the GHG needed to build the battery and its lifespan, 10-13% lower GHG savings.
Special-purpose vehicles
Special-purpose vehicles come in a variety of types, ranging from relatively common ones such as golf carts, things like electric golf trolleys, milk buoys, all-terrain vehicles, environmental electric vehicles, and a variety of other devices. Certain manufacturers specialize in "in-house" powered work machines.
Electric motorcycles, scooters and pedicabs
The tricycles include electric tricycles, cycle-powered cycle variants. The application of large-scale electric two-wheelers can reduce traffic noise and road congestion but may require adaptation of existing urban infrastructure and safety regulations.
Electric bicycles
China has experienced an undeniable sale of non-assisted e-bike sales including scooter types, with annual sales jumping from 56,000 units in 1998 to more than 21 million in 2008, and reaching about 120 million e-bikes on the road in early 2010 China is the world's leading e-bike manufacturer, with 22.2 million units produced in 2009. One of the world's largest E-bike manufacturers is Geoby.
Personal transporter
More variations of personal transporters are produced, including self-balancing self-bike, self-balancing scooters, electric kick scooters, and electric skateboards.
Electric boat
Some battery power boats operate around the world, partly for businesses. Electric ferry is being operated and built.
Technology
Motor
Electric cars have traditionally used a series of DC wound motors, a form of brushed DC electric motor. The excited and permanent magnets are just two types of DC motors available. Newer electric vehicles have used different types of AC motors, as these are easier to build and do not have a brush that can wear out. This is usually an induction motor or AC brushless electric motor that uses a permanent magnet. There are several variations of permanent magnet motors that offer a simpler and/or lower cost driver scheme including a brushless DC electric motor.
Motor controller
The motor control regulates power to the motor, supplying either variable DC pulse widths or variable variables of AC amplitude, depending on the type of motor, DC or AC.
Battery
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments