Occupational therapy ( OT ) is the use of judgments and interventions to develop, restore, or maintain meaningful activities, or work , individuals, groups, or community. This is a health profession performed by occupational therapists. OT often works with people with mental health problems, disabilities, injuries, or disorders.
The American Occupational Therapy Association defines occupational therapists as "helping people across all ages participate in things they want and need to do through the therapeutic use of daily activities." Occupational occupational therapy interventions include helping children with disabilities to participate fully in schools and social situations, rehabilitate injuries, and provide support for older adults experiencing physical and cognitive changes. "
Typically, occupational therapists are university-educated professionals and must pass a license exam to practice. Occupational therapists often work closely with professionals in physical therapy, speech therapy, audiology, nursing, social work, clinical psychology, and medicine.
Video Occupational therapy
History
Initial history
The earliest evidence of employment as a method of therapy can be found in ancient times. At c. 100 BC, the Greek physician Asclepiades treats patients with mental illnesses humanely using bath treatments, massage, exercise, and music. Later, Roman Celsus prescribed music, travel, conversation, and practice to his patients. However, in the middle ages, the use of this intervention with people with mental illness was rare, if not present.
In 18th century Europe, revolutionaries like Philippe Pinel and Johann Christian Reil reformed the hospital system. Instead of using metal chains and restraints, their institutions used strict work and recreation activities in the late 18th century. This is the era of Moral Medicine, developed in Europe during the Age of Enlightenment, where the roots of occupational therapy lie. Though flourishing in Europe, interest in the reform movement fluctuated in the United States throughout the 19th century. This reappeared in the early decades of the 20th century as Occupational Therapy.
Movement of Arts and Crafts that took place between 1860 and 1910 also had an impact on occupational therapy. In the US, an industrialized country recently, the arts and crafts community emerged against the monotony and lost the autonomy of factory work. Arts and crafts are used as a way of promoting learning through action, providing creative outlets, and serve as a way to avoid boredom during lengthy hospital stay.
Development into a health profession
The health profession of occupational therapy was conceptualized in the early 1910s as a reflection of the Progressive Era. The early professionals combine highly valued ideals, such as having a strong work ethic and the importance of their own craft with scientific and medical principles. The National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy, now called the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA), was founded in 1917 and the Occupational Therapy profession was officially named in 1920.
The emergence of occupational therapy challenges the mainstream scientific view of medicine. Instead of a pure focus on medical models, occupational therapists argue that the complex combination of social, economic, and biological reasons causes dysfunction. Principles and techniques borrowed from many disciplines - including but not limited to physical therapy, nursing, psychiatry, rehabilitation, self-help, orthopedics, and social work - to enrich the scope of the profession. Between 1900 and 1930, the founders defined the practice sphere and developed the supporting theories. In the early 1930s, AOTA has established educational guidelines and accreditation procedures.
World War I forced the new profession to clarify its role in the medical field and to standardize training and practice. In addition to clarifying its public image, occupational therapy also established clinics, workshops, and national training schools. Due to the many wartime injuries, "reconstruction assistants" (umbrella terms for occupational therapy aides and physiotherapy assistants) were recruited by the Surgeon General. Between 1917 and 1920, nearly 148,000 injured men were placed in hospital after returning to the state. The success of the reconstruction aides, who mostly consist of women trying to "do little" to help with the war effort, is a major achievement.
There was a struggle to retain people in the profession during the postwar years. The emphasis shifts from an altruistic war-time mentality to the financial, professional, and personal satisfaction that comes with being a therapist. To make the profession more interesting, standardized practices, as well as the curriculum. The entry and exit criteria are established, and the American Occupational Therapy Association recommends for permanent employment, decent wages, and fair working conditions. Through this method, occupational therapy sought and gained medical legitimacy in the 1920s.
The profession continues to grow and expand its scope and practice settings. Occupational Science, occupation studies, was created in 1989 as a tool to provide evidence-based research to support and advance occupational therapy practices, as well as offer basic science to study topics around "work".
Maps Occupational therapy
Philosophical foundation
Occupational therapy philosophy has evolved over the history of the profession. The philosophy articulated by the founders owes much to the idealism of romanticism, pragmatism and humanism, which is collectively regarded as the fundamental ideology of the last century.
One of the most widely quoted papers on occupational therapy philosophy was presented by Adolf Meyer, a psychiatrist who emigrated to the United States from Switzerland in the late nineteenth century and who was invited to present his views to the new meeting of the Occupational Therapy Society in 1922. At the time that, Dr. Meyer is one of the foremost psychiatrists in the United States and head of the new psychiatric department and Phipps Clinic at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.
William Rush Dunton, a supporter of the National Society for Occupational Therapy Promotion, now the Occupational Therapy Association of America, seeks to promote the idea that work is a basic human need, and that work is therapeutic. From his statement appears some basic assumptions of occupational therapy, which include:
- Work has a positive effect on health and wellbeing.
- Jobs create structures and manage time.
- Work brings meaning to life, culturally and personally.
- The work is individual. People appreciate different jobs.
These assumptions have been developed from time to time and are the basis of the values ​​that support the Code of Ethics issued by national associations. The occupational relevance to health and wellbeing remains a major theme.
In the 1950s, criticism from drugs and many defective World War II veterans resulted in the emergence of a more reductionist philosophy. While this approach led to developments in technical knowledge of job performance, doctors became increasingly disillusioned and reconsidered this belief. Consequently, client concentration and occupation have reappeared as the dominant theme in the profession. Over the past century, the philosophy underlying occupational therapy has evolved from the transfer of disease, to treatment, to empowerment through meaningful work.
The three commonly mentioned philosophical phrases of occupational therapy are that work is necessary for health, that the theory is based on holism and that its main component is the person, their work, and the environment in which it takes place. However, there are several different sounds. Mocellin, in particular, advocates abandoning the idea of ​​health through occupation as he proclaims it obsolete in the modern world. In addition, he questioned the worthiness of holistic advocacy when practice rarely supported it. Some of the values ​​formulated by the American Occupational Therapy Association have been criticized as therapeutic-centric and do not reflect the modern reality of multicultural practice.
Recently, occupational therapy practitioners have challenged themselves to think more broadly about the potential scope of the profession, and expand it to include working with groups who experience injustice at work from sources other than disabilities. Examples of new and emerging practice areas will include therapists working with refugees, obese children, and homeless people.
The practice framework
An occupational therapist works systematically with clients through a series of actions called occupational therapy processes. There are several versions of this process as described by many scholars. All practice frameworks include an evaluation component (or assessment), interventions, and outcomes. This process provides a framework through which occupational therapists assist and contribute to promoting health and ensuring the structure and consistency among therapists.
The Occupational Therapy Framework (OTPF) is the core competency of occupational therapy in the United States. The OPTF framework is divided into two parts: the domain and the process. Domains cover the environment, client factors, such as individual motivation, health status, and job execution status. Domains view contextual images to help occupational therapists understand how to diagnose and treat patients. The process is the action taken by the therapist to implement plans and strategies to treat the patient.
The Canadian Cliented Center Enablement (CMCE) model includes empowerment as the core occupational occupational competence and the Canadian Practice Process Framework (CPPF) as the core process of employment in Canada. The Canadian Practice Process Framework (CPPF) has eight action points and three contextual elements that: organize stages, evaluate, approve objective plans, execute plans, monitor/modify, and evaluate results. A key element of this process model is the focus on identifying the strengths and resources of clients and therapists before developing results and action plans.
Jobs
The American Occupational Therapy Association framework identifies the following work:
- The activities of daily living (ADL)
- Bath, Shower, Toilet and Cleaning toilet, Dressing, Feeding, mobility/Functional transfer, Personal device care, personal hygiene and personal care
- The daily instrumental activities of life (IADLs)
- Other care, Pet care, Childcare, Communications management, Driving and community mobility, Financial management, Health management and maintenance, Home establishment and management, Food preparation and cleansing, Treatment management, religious and spiritual activities and expressions, Emergency safety and care, Shopping
- Rest and sleep
- Rest, Sleep preparation, Sleep participation
- Education
- Works
- Job interests and desires, search and acquisition Employment, Job performance, Retirement preparation and adjustment, Voluntary exploration, Volunteer participation
- Play
- Play exploration, Play participation
- Holiday
- Leisure exploration, Leisure participation
- Social participation
- Communities, Family, Friends, friends
Practice Settings
Occupational therapists work in a variety of practice settings, including: hospitals, long-term care facilities, schools, outpatient clinics, and communities (eg home care). The Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) found that between 2006-2010 almost half (45.6%) occupational therapists worked in hospitals, 31.8% worked in the community, and 11.4% worked in professional practice.
The practice area
The broad spectrum of PL practices makes it difficult to categorize areas of practice, especially given the different global health care systems. In this section, categorization of the American Occupational Therapy Association is used.
Children and teenagers
In 1951, Joan Erikson became the activity director for "very disturbed children and young adults" at the Austen Riggs Center. At that time, "occupational therapy" was used "to keep patients busy on useless tasks." Erikson "brings painters, sculptors, dancers, weavers, pottery and others to create programs that provide real therapy."
Occupational therapists work with infants, toddlers, children, and adolescents and their families in a variety of settings including schools, clinics, and homes. Occupational therapists help children and their caregivers develop skills that enable them to participate in meaningful work. This work may include: feeding, playing, socializing, and attending school.
Occupational therapy with children and adolescents can take many forms. As an example:
- Promote school health programs to prevent childhood obesity
- Facilitate handwriting development in school-aged children
- Provides individual care for sensor processing difficulties
- Teaching coping skills for children with generalized anxiety disorder
Health and fitness
The Health and Fitness practice area is growing steadily due to the growing need for health-related services in occupational therapy. The relationship between health and physical health, as well as mental health, has been found; consequently, helping to improve the client's physical and mental health can lead to increased overall well-being.
As a practice area, health and fitness can include a focus on:
- Disease prevention and injury
- Prevention of secondary conditions (co-morbidity)
- Promoting their well-being with chronic illness eg. sexual rehabilitation
- Reduce inequalities or inequalities of health services
- Improved factors affecting quality of life
- Promotion of healthy living practices, social participation, and workplace equity
Mental health
Mental health and the era of moral treatment have been recognized as the root of occupational therapy. According to the World Health Organization, mental illness is one of the fastest growing defects. OT focuses on the prevention and treatment of mental illness in all populations. In the US, military and veteran personnel are populations that can benefit from occupational therapy, but today this is an underserved practice area.
Mental health illnesses that may require occupational therapy include schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, depressed disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, trauma-related disorders and stressors (eg post-traumatic stress disorder or acute stress disorder), obsessive-compulsive and related disorders such as hoarding , and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder disorders and learning disorders.
Productive aging
Occupational therapists work with older adults to maintain independence, participate in meaningful activities, and live a satisfying life. Some examples of areas are occupied occupational therapists with older adults driving, aging in places, low vision, and dementia or Alzheimer Disease (AD). When talking about driving, a driver's evaluation is done to determine if the driver is safe behind the wheel. To allow for older adults to be at home, occupational therapists assess risk, assess clients functioning in their homes, and recommend modifications to specific homes. When handling low vision, occupational therapists modify the task and environment. When working with individuals with AD, occupational therapists focus on maintaining quality of life, ensuring safety, and promoting self-reliance.
Adult Rehabilitation
Occupational therapists address the need for rehabilitation after injury or disorder. When planning treatment, occupational therapists address the physical, cognitive, psychosocial, and environmental needs involved in the adult population in a variety of settings.
Occupational therapy in adult rehabilitation can take many forms:
- Working with adults with autism in day rehabilitation programs to promote successful relationships and community participation through instruction on social skills
- Increase the quality of life of a person with cancer by engaging them in meaningful work, providing methods of stress reduction and anxiety, and suggesting a fatigue management strategy
- Trains individuals with hand amputations how to wear and release myoelectrically controlled limbs and training for functional use of limbs
- As for paralysis, there are things like a sitting cushion and the prevention of painful pressure. The presciption of this tool is a public work for paraplegics.
- Uses and implements new technologies such as speech-to-text software and Nintendo Wii video games
- Communicate via telehealth method as a service delivery model for clients living in rural areas
- Work with stroke-affected adults to regain strength, endurance, and range of motion on the side of those affected.
Occupational travel therapy
Due to the increasing need of occupational therapists in the US, many facilities choose occupational occupational therapists - those willing to travel, often out of state, to work temporarily at the facility. The task can range from 8 weeks to 9 months, but usually lasts 13-26 weeks. Most often (43%), occupational occupational therapists enter the industry between the ages of 21-30.
Work and industry
Occupational therapists work with injured clients and return to work. OT conducts assessments to simulate work tasks to determine the best fit for jobs, needed accommodation at work, or disability levels. Work conditioning and work hardening are the interventions used to restore work skills that may have changed due to illness or injury. Occupational therapists may also prevent work-related injuries through ergonomics and on-site work evaluation.
Education
Around the world, there are various qualifications required to practice occupational therapy. Many countries require a bachelor's degree (eg Australia). In the United States and Canada, a master's degree is required to practice. In Europe, a master's degree or master's degree is accepted.
The PL curriculum focuses on the foundations of occupation theory and the clinical skills necessary to practice occupational therapy. Students should possess the knowledge of physiology, anatomy, medicine, psychology, and neurology to understand their clients' medical interventions and medical history. All OT educational programs include a period of clinical education, which consists of direct work with the practice of the OT. In countries such as Canada and the United States, OT students must pass a national qualification exam to practice.
Theoretical framework
Occupational therapists use a theoretical framework to frame their practice. Note that the terminology differs between scholars. The list of incomplete theoretical numbers for framing people and their work includes the following:
Reference framework and general model
Frame of reference or generic models is a comprehensive title given to gather compatible knowledge, research and theory that constitute conceptual practice. More generally they are defined as "those aspects that affect our perceptions, decisions, and practices".
- Person Work Performance Occupation Model
- The Personal Employment Performance Model (PEOP) was originally published in 1991 (Charles Christiansen & Carolyn Baum) and describes individual performance based on four elements including: environment, people, performance and work. This model focuses on the interaction of these components and how these interactions work to inhibit or promote successful engagement in work.
The Job Focused Practice Model
- Work Process Intervention Process (OTIPM) Model (Anne Fisher and others)
- Work Performance Process Model (OPPM)
- The Human Occupation Model (MOHO) (Gary Kielhofner and others)
- MOHO was first published in 1980. It explains how people choose, organize, and do work in their environment. This model is backed up with evidence generated for over thirty years and has been successfully implemented around the world.
- Employment Performance and Engagement Models in Canada (CMOP-E)
- Work Performance Model - Australia (OPM-A) (Chris Chapparo & Judy Ranka) OPM (A) illustrates the complexity of job performance, the scope of occupational therapy practices, and provides a framework for occupational therapy education. OPM (A) is conceptualized in 1986 with the current form launched.
- The Refractive Biomechanics Framework mainly relates to movement during the occupation. It is used with individuals who experience limitations in movement, inadequate muscle strength or loss of endurance at work. Frame of Reference was not initially compiled by Occupational Therapists, and therapists had to translate it into the perspective of Occupational Therapy, to avoid the risk of movement or exercise being the main focus.
- This Terms of Reference developed from the work of Carl Rogers. It views the client as the center of all therapeutic activity, and the client's needs and goals lead to the delivery of Occupational Therapy Process.
ICF
International Classification Function, Disability and Health (ICF) is a framework for measuring health and ability by describing how these components affect one's function. This is closely related to the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework, as it states that "the core belief of the profession is in a positive relationship between work and health and its view of people as work beings". ICF is built into the 2nd edition of the practice framework. Examples of activities and participation of ICF overlap Occupied Territories, Performance Skills, and Performance Patterns within the framework. ICF also includes contextual factors (environmental and personal factors) related to the context of the framework. In addition, the functions and structures of the body classified in the ICF help illustrate the client factors described in the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework. Further exploration of the relationship between occupational therapy and the components of ICIDH-2 (revision of the International Classification of Decline, Defect, and Disability (ICIDH), later ICF) was conducted by McLaughlin Gray.
It is noted in the literature that occupational therapists should use a specific vocabulary of occupational therapy along with ICF to ensure correct communication of specific concepts. ICF may lack a certain category to describe what an occupational therapist needs to communicate with clients and colleagues. It is also not possible to exactly match the connotations of the ICF category to the term occupational therapy. ICF is not an assessment and terminology of occupational therapy should not be replaced with ICF terminology. ICF is the overall framework for current therapeutic practice.
See also
- Occupational apartheid
- Occupational therapy in the United Kingdom
- Occupational therapy in cerebral palsy management
- Work therapy and substance abuse
References
External links
- Media associated with Occupational therapy on Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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