Occupational safety and health

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Occupational safety and health ( OSH ), also commonly referred to as health and safety ( OHS ), workplace health , or workplace health and safety ( WHS ), is a multidisciplinary field related to the safety, health and well-being of people at work. These terms also refer to the objectives of this field, so their use in the sense of this article originally stands for department/department of occupational safety and health etc.

The objectives of the occupational safety and health program are to foster a safe and healthy working environment. OSH can also protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers, and many others who may be affected by the workplace environment. In the United States, the term occupational health and safety is referred to as occupational and occupational health and safety and includes safety for off-the-job activities.

In common-law jurisdictions, employers have a common legal obligation to pay reasonable attention to the safety of their employees. Additional law laws may also enforce other common duties, introduce specific tasks, and make government bodies with the authority to regulate safety concerns in the workplace: these details vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.

Video Occupational safety and health

Definisi

As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) "occupational health is related to all aspects of occupational health and safety and has a strong focus on prevention of major hazards." Health has been defined as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not just the absence of disease or weakness." Occupational health is a multidisciplinary health field that deals with allowing an individual to perform their work, in a way that at least does not harm their health. Health has been defined as contrast, for example, with the promotion of occupational health and safety, which is concerned with preventing harm from incidental dangers, which arise in the workplace.

Since 1950, the International Labor Organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have shared a general definition of occupational health. It was adopted by the ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health Joint in its first session in 1950 and revised at its twelfth session in 1995. This definition reads:

"The main focus in occupational health is on three different objectives: (i) maintenance and promotion of workers' health and work capacity, (ii) improving the working environment and working to be conducive to safety and health and (iii) the development of work organization and work culture within directions that support workplace health and safety and in doing so also promote a positive social climate and smooth operation and can improve business productivity.The concept of work culture is intended in this context to mean the reflection of an important value system adopted by interested parties Cultures such as it is reflected in practices in managerial systems, personnel policies, principles for participation, training policies and quality management of such enterprises. "

Those in occupational health come from various disciplines and professions including medicine, psychology, epidemiology, physiotherapy and rehabilitation, occupational therapy, occupational medicine, human factors and ergonomics, and many others. Professionals advise on various occupational health issues. This includes how to avoid certain pre-existing conditions that cause problems in occupation, correct posture for work, break frequency, preventive measures that can be done, and so on.

"Occupational health should be aimed at: promotion and maintenance of the highest levels of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations: prevention among workers departing from health caused by their working conditions; the protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors which harms the health, occupation and maintenance of workers in a work environment tailored to their physiological and psychological abilities, and, to summarize, the adaptation of work to man and everyone to his work.

Maps Occupational safety and health

History

Occupational health and safety research and regulation is a relatively new phenomenon. When the labor movement emerged in response to workers 'concerns after the industrial revolution, workers' health came into consideration as a labor-related problem.

In Great Britain, Factory Stories in the early nineteenth century (from 1802 onwards) arose from concerns about the health of poor children working in cotton factories: The 1833 Act creates a dedicated professional Factory Inspectorate. Inspectorate's initial supervision is police limitation on working hours in the children's and youth textile industries (introduced to prevent chronic overwork, identified as direct-to-illness and deformation, and indirect to high accident rates). However, at the urging of the Factory Inspectorate, the Act further in 1844 provides the same restrictions on working hours for women in the textile industry introducing requirements for maintaining machinery (but only in the textile industry, and only in areas accessible to women or children- child).

In 1840, the Royal Commission published its findings on the conditions of conditions for mining industry workers documenting the hazardous environment they had to do and the high frequency of accidents. The commission triggered a public outcry that resulted in the Mining Act of 1842. This action regulated the inspectorates for mines and collieries resulting in much prosecution and increased safety, and by 1850, inspectors could enter and inspect locations according to their discretion.

Otto von Bismarck inaugurated the first social insurance law of 1883 and the first workers' compensation law of 1884 - the first of its kind in the Western world. Similar actions were followed in other countries, in part in response to labor unrest.

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Hazards at work

While jobs provide many economic and other benefits, a variety of hazards in the workplace also pose a risk to the health and safety of people in the workplace. These include but are not limited to, "chemicals, biological agents, physical factors, adverse ergonomic conditions, allergens, complex network of security risks," and various psychosocial risk factors. Personal protective equipment can help protect against many of these dangers.

Physical harm affects many people in the workplace. Hearing loss in the workplace is the most common work-related injury in the United States, with 22 million workers exposed to hazardous noise levels at work and about $ 242 million spent annually for workers' compensation for hearing loss. Waterfalls are also a common cause of work-related injuries and deaths, especially in construction, extraction, transportation, health care, and building cleaning and maintenance. The machine has moving parts, sharp edges, hot surfaces and other hazards with the potential to destroy, burn, cut, cut, stab, or otherwise attack or injure workers if used unsafe.

Biological hazards (biohazards) include infectious microorganisms such as viruses and toxins produced by such organisms such as anthrax. Biohazards affect workers in many industries; influenza, for example, affects a large working population. Outdoor workers, including farmers, landscapers, and construction workers, expose the risk to many biohazards, including animal bites and stings, urushiol from toxic plants, and animal-borne diseases such as West Nile virus and Lyme disease. Health workers, including veterinary health workers, exposure to the risk of blood-borne pathogens and infectious diseases, especially those that arise.

Hazardous chemicals may pose a chemical hazard in the workplace. There are many classifications of hazardous chemicals, including neurotoxins, immune agents, dermatology agents, carcinogens, reproductive toxins, systemic toxins, asthmagens, pneumoconiotic agents, and sensitizers. Authorities such as regulatory bodies set limits on occupational exposure to reduce the risk of chemical hazards. International efforts are investigating the health effects of a chemical mixture. There is some evidence that certain chemicals are harmful to a lesser extent when mixed with one or more other chemicals. This may be very important in causing cancer.

Psychosocial hazards include risks to the mental and emotional well-being of workers, such as feelings of work insecurity, long working hours, and poor work-life balance. A recent Cochrane review - using moderate quality evidence - is concerned that the addition of job-directed interventions to depressed workers receiving clinical interventions reduces the number of missing working days compared to clinical interventions alone. The review also suggests that the addition of cognitive behavioral therapy to primary or occupational care and the addition of a "structured telephone maintenance and outreach program" for ordinary care are both effective in reducing sick days.

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With industry

Specific occupational safety and health risk factors vary depending on specific sector and industry. Construction workers may be particularly at risk of falling, for example, while fishermen may be particularly at risk of drowning. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics identifies the fishing industry, aviation, timber, metalworking, agriculture, mining and transportation as one of the most dangerous for workers. Similarly, psychosocial risks such as violence in the workplace are more prominent for certain occupational groups such as health care workers, police, correctional officers and teachers.

Construction

Construction is one of the most dangerous jobs in the world, causing more deaths at work than any other sector either in the United States or in the EU. In 2009, the fatal accident rate among construction workers in the United States almost tripled for all workers. Waterfalls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers. Proper security equipment such as harness and guardrail and procedures such as securing ladders and scaffolding can reduce the risk of workplace accidents in the construction industry. Due to the fact that accidents can have adverse consequences for employees and organizations, it is very important to ensure workers' health and safety and compliance with HSE construction requirements. The health and safety laws in the construction industry involve many rules and regulations. For example, the role of the Construction Design Coordinator (CDM) as a requirement has been aimed at improving on-site health and safety.

The 2010 National Health Survey Occupational Health Survey (NHIS-OHS) identifies occupational and psychosocial work and chemical/physical exposure factors that can increase some health risks. Of all US workers in the construction sector, 44% have non-standard (non permanent employees) work arrangements compared with 19% of all US workers, 15% have temporary employment compared to 7% of all US workers, and 55% experienced work compared to 32% of all US workers. The prevalence rate for exposure to physical/chemical hazards is very high for the construction sector. Among non-smokers, 24% of construction workers were exposed to secondhand smoke, while only 10% of all US workers were exposed. Other physical/chemical hazards with high prevalence rates in the construction industry often work out (73%) and are often exposed to steam, gas, dust, or smoke (51%).

Agriculture

Agricultural workers are often at risk of work-related injuries, lung disease, hearing-induced hearing loss, skin diseases, and certain cancers associated with prolonged use of chemicals or sun exposure. In industrial agriculture, injuries often involve the use of agricultural machinery. The most common cause of fatal agricultural injuries in the United States is a tractor rollover, which can be prevented by the use of a roll over protection structure that limits the risk of injury if the tractor rolls over. Pesticides and other chemicals used in agriculture can also be hazardous to workers' health, and workers exposed to pesticides may experience illness or birth defects. As an industry where families, including children, generally work with their families, agriculture is a common source of occupational injuries and illness among young workers. Common causes of fatal injuries among young farm workers include drowning, machinery and motor vehicle accidents.

NHIS-OHS 2010 found a high prevalence rate of some occupational exposure in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries that could have a negative impact on health. These workers often work long hours. The prevalence rate working more than 48 hours a week among workers working in the industry is 37%, and 24% work more than 60 hours a week. Of all workers in the industry, 85% often work outdoors compared to 25% of all US workers. In addition, 53% are often exposed to steam, gas, dust, or smoke, compared to 25% of all US workers.

Service sector

As the number of service sector jobs has increased in developed countries, more and more jobs are becoming inactive, presenting a wide range of health problems compared to those associated with manufacturing and the primary sector. Contemporary issues such as rising rates of obesity and problems related to job stress, bullying in the workplace, and overwork in many countries have further complicated the interaction between work and health.

According to data from NHIS-OHS 2010, dangerous physical/chemical exposure in the service sector is lower than the national average. On the other hand, the potentially dangerous organizational characteristics of work and psychosocial workplace exposure are relatively common in this sector. Among all workers in the service industry, 30% experienced work insecurity in 2010, 27% worked out standard shifts (not regular day shifts), 21% had non-standard work arrangements (not regular regular employees).

Because of the manual labor involved and on an per employee basis, the US Postal Service, UPS and FedEx are the 4th, 5th and 7th most dangerous companies working in the US.

Mining and oil & amp; gas extraction

According to data from NHIS-OHS 2010, workers working in mining and oil and gas extraction industries have a high prevalence rate from exposure to the characteristics of hazardous work organization and hazardous chemicals. Many of these workers work long hours: 50% work more than 48 hours a week and 25% work more than 60 hours a week by 2010. In addition, 42% work non-standard shifts (not normal day shifts). These workers also have a high prevalence of exposure to physical/chemical hazards. In 2010, 39% had frequent skin contact with chemicals. Among non-smokers, 28% of those working in mining and oil and gas extraction industries are often exposed to secondhand smoke at work. About two-thirds are often exposed to steam, gas, dust, or smoke at work.

Health and social care

Health workers are exposed to many hazards that can negatively affect their health and well-being. Long hours, shift shifts, physically demanding tasks, violence, and exposure to infectious diseases and hazardous chemicals are examples of the dangers that keep these workers at risk for illness and injury.

According to Labor Bureau statistics, US hospitals recorded 253,700 injuries and occupational illnesses in 2011, which were 6.8 injuries and occupational diseases for every 100 full-time employees. Injury and disease rates in hospitals are higher than levels in construction and manufacturing - two industries that are traditionally considered relatively harmless.

The Occupational Safety Health Network (OHSN) is a secure electronic surveillance system developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to address health and safety risks among health care personnel. OHSN uses existing data to characterize the risk of injury and disease among health workers. Hospitals and other health facilities can upload work-related injury data they have collected to a secure database for analysis and comparison with other unidentified facilities. NIOSH works with OHSN participants in identifying and implementing timely and targeted interventions. The current OHSN module focuses on three high-risk and preventable events that can cause musculoskeletal injuries or disorders among health workers: musculoskeletal injuries from patient-handling activities; slip, travel, and fall; and violence in the workplace. OHSN registration is open to all health facilities.

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Statistics on fatalities and workplace injuries

United States

The Bureau of Labor Statistics from the US Department of Labor collects information about deaths at work and non-fatal injuries in the United States. In 1970, an estimated 14,000 workers died in work - in 2010, the labor force has doubled, but deaths at work have dropped to around 4,500.
Between 1913 and 2013, the mortality rate in the workplace decreased by about 80%.

The Bureau also collects information about the most dangerous jobs. According to the 4,679 occupational accident census, people die on the job in 2014. By 2015, the decline in workplace injuries and illnesses is not fatal, with private industry employers reporting about 2.9 million incidents, nearly 48,000 fewer cases than in 2014. The Bureau also uses tools such as www.AgInjuryNews.org to identify and compile additional sources of death reports for their datasets.

Musculoskeletal injuries accounted for 32% of all injuries and illnesses reported by employers in 2014.

European Union

In most countries, men comprise the majority of fatalities in the workplace. In the EU as a whole, 94% of deaths are male. In the UK the difference is even greater with men who comprise 97.4% of deaths at work. In the UK there are 171 fatal injuries while working in financial year 2011-2012, compared to 651 in calendar year 1974; the rate of fatal injuries decreased during that period from 2.9 deaths per 100,000 workers to 0.6 per 100,000 workers

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System management

National

National management system standards for occupational health and safety include AS/NZS 4801-2001 for Australia and New Zealand, CAN/CSA-Z1000-14 for Canada and ANSI/ASSE Z10-2012 for the United States. The FranÃÆ'§aise de Normalization (AFNOR) Association in France is also developing safety and health management standards. In the United Kingdom, the Department of Public Health and Non-departmental Executive Safety issues Managing for health and safety (MFHS), an online guide. In Germany, inspectors of Bavaria and Saxony state factories have introduced OHRIS management systems. In the Netherlands, the Contractor Safety Management certification management system combines occupational health and safety and environmental management.

International

ISO 45001 issued in March 2018.

Previously, the International Labor Organization (ILO) published ILO-OSH 2001, also titled "Guidelines on occupational safety and health management systems" to assist organizations by introducing the OSH management system. These guidelines encourage continual improvement in employee health and safety, achieved through policy, organizational, planning & amp; implementation, evaluation, and action for improvement, all supported by a constant audit to determine the success of OSH action. From 1999 to 2018, OHSAS 18001 health and safety management system standards were adopted as British and Polish standards and are widely used internationally. The OHSAS 18000 consists of two parts, the OHSAS 18001 and 18002 and is developed by a number of leading trade bodies, international standards, and certification bodies to address gaps in which no quality third-party international standards exist. It is intended to integrate with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001.

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National legislation and public organization

Occupational safety and health practices vary among countries with different approaches to legislation, regulation, enforcement, and incentives for compliance. In the EU, for example, some member countries promote OSH by providing public money as subsidies, grants or financing, while others have created tax system incentives for OSH investments. The third group of EU member states has experimented with using workplace accident insurance premiums for companies or organizations with strong OSH records.

Australia

In Australia, the Commonwealth, four of the six states and territories have adopted and administered a Working Safety and Health Act aligned in accordance with the Intergovernmental Agreement on Regulatory and Operational Reform in Health and Safety . Each of these jurisdictions has enforced Occupational Health & amp; Safety laws and regulations under the Commonwealth 2011 Health and Safety Act and the Practice Code developed by Safe Work Australia. Some jurisdictions also include mine safety under the model approach; however, most have maintained separate legislation for the time being. Western Australia intends to adopt a moderated model model approach and Victoria has maintained its own regime, although the WHS Model law itself relies heavily on the Victorian approach.

Canada

In Canada, workers are protected by provincial or federal employment codes depending on the sector in which they work. Workers covered by federal law (including those in mining, transportation, and federal employment) are protected by the Canadian Employment Act; all other workers are protected by the health and safety laws of the province in which they work. Canada's Occupational Health and Safety Center (CCOHS), a Canadian Government Agency, was established in 1966 by the Parliament Act. The action is based on the belief that all Canadians have a "... fundamental right to a healthy and safe working environment." CCOHS is mandated to promote safe and healthy workplaces to help prevent work-related injuries and illnesses. CCOHS maintains a list of useful (partial) OSH rules for Canada and its provinces.

European Union

In the European Union, Member States have enforced authority to ensure that basic legal requirements relating to occupational health and safety are met. In many EU countries, there is strong cooperation between employers and workers' organizations (eg unions) to ensure good OSH performance as it is recognized to have benefits for workers (through healthcare) and companies (through increased productivity and quality). In 1996, the European Agency for Occupational Health and Safety was established.

EU Member States have changed all their national legislation into a series of directives that set minimum standards on occupational health and safety. These directives (of which there are about 20 on various topics) follow a similar structure that requires the employer to assess the risk of the workplace and place precautions based on the control hierarchy. This hierarchy begins with the elimination of danger and ends with personal protective equipment.

However, certain EU Member States recognize having inadequate quality control in occupational safety services, for situations where risk analysis takes place without in-place workplace visits and inadequate application of specific EU KPA directives. Based on this, it is not surprising that the total social costs associated with health and occupational injuries vary from 2.6% to 3.8% of GNP among EU member states.

Denmark

In Denmark, occupational safety and health is governed by the Danish Law on the Work Environment and cooperation in the workplace. The Danish Environment Authority conducts company inspections, establishes detailed regulations on occupational health and safety and provides information on health and safety at work. The results of each examination are published on the Danish Environment Authority web page so that the general public, current and potential customers, customers and other stakeholders can inform themselves about whether a particular organization has passed the inspection, if they wish to do so.

Spanish

In Spain, occupational safety and health is regulated by the Spanish Law on Labor Prevention. The Ministry of Manpower and Social Security is the authority responsible for issues related to the work environment. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is a public technical organization specializing in occupational safety and health.

Swedish

In Sweden, occupational safety and health is regulated by the Working Environment Act. The Swedish Work Authority is a government institution responsible for work-related issues. The agency should work to disseminate information and advise on OSH, have the mandate to conduct inspections, and the right to issue provisions and orders to non-compliant companies.

United Kingdom

In the UK, health and safety laws are drafted and enforced by the Health and Safety Executive and local government (local council) under Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (HASAWA). HASAWA introduces (part 2) the general duty of employers to ensure, to the extent practicable, health, safety and well-being of the workplace of all employees; with the intention of providing a legal framework that supports 'codes of practice' does not of itself have legal force but sets a strong presumption about what is practical (deviation from them justified by appropriate risk assessment). Previous dependence on detailed prescriptive rule settings is seen to have failed to respond quickly to technological changes, leaving behind new technologies potentially unregulated or incorrectly regulated. The HSE continues to make some rules that provide absolute duty (where something should be done without 'reasonable practical practice'), but in the UK the regulatory trend is far from prescriptive rules, and towards 'goal setting' and risk assessment. Recent recent changes to the laws governing asbestos and fire safety management embrace the concept of risk assessment. Another key aspect of UK legislation is the legal mechanism for employee engagement through selected health and safety representatives and health and safety committees. This follows a similar approach in Scandinavia, and that approach has since been adopted in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Malaysia, for example.

For the UK, the health-care government organization is the Medical Advisory Service of Labor but by 2014 a new occupational health organization - Health and Employment Services - was created to advise and assist employers to return to employee work on long-term sick leave. Government-funded services, will offer a medical assessment and care plan, on a voluntary basis, to persons who are absent from their employer long term; in return, the government will no longer pay the bills for Statutory Pay Salary provided by the employer to the individual.

India

In India, the Ministry of Manpower formulates national policies on occupational safety and health at factories and wharves with advice and assistance from the Directorate General of Plant Service and Manpower Services (DGFASLI), and enforces its Policy through factory inspectors and dock safety inspectorates. DGFASLI is a technical part of the Ministry of Labor & amp; Employment, Government of India and advise the factories on various issues related to the safety, health, efficiency and welfare of people in the workplace. DGFASLI provides technical support in drafting rules, conducting safety surveys and also for implementing safety training programs.

Malaysia

In Malaysia, the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) under the Ministry of Human Resources is responsible for ensuring that the safety, health and wellbeing of workers in both the public and private sectors is enforced. DOSH is responsible for upholding the Factories and Machinery Act of 1967 and the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994.

People's Republic of China

In the People's Republic of China, the Ministry of Health is responsible for the prevention of occupational diseases and the State Safety Administration for security concerns in the workplace. At the provincial and municipal levels, there are Occupational Health and Safety Supervisors for Local Occupational Safety and Health Bureau. "Occupational Act of PRC Treatment" came into effect on May 1, 2002 and the PRC Safety Act of November 1, 2002. The Workplace Disease Control Act is being revised. Occupational disease prevention is still in its early stages compared to industrialized countries like the US or the UK.

Singapore

In Singapore, the Ministry of Manpower operates various checks and campaigns against unsafe work practices, such as when working at altitudes, operating cranes and in traffic management. Examples include Operation Cormorant and Falls Prevention Campaign.

South Africa

In South Africa, the Department of Labor is responsible for the inspection and enforcement of occupational health and safety in trade and industry other than mining and energy production, where the Department of Mineral Resources is responsible.

The main legislation on Health and Safety in the jurisdiction of the Labor Department is Law No. 85 of 1993: Occupational Health and Safety Act as amended by the Amended Law on Occupational Health and Safety, No. 181 of 1993.

The regulations for the Law on K3 include:

• General Administrative Rules, 2003
• Competency Rules Certificate, 1990
• Construction Rules, 2014
• Diving Rules 2009
• Design Engine Design, 1988
• Environmental Regulations for Work, 1987
• General Machinery Regulations, 1988
• General Safety Regulations, 1986
• Noise caused by hearing loss, 2003
• Pressure Equipment Regulations, 2004

Taiwan

In Taiwan, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the Ministry of Labor is responsible for occupational safety and health. This issue is regulated under the Occupational Safety and Health Act.

2007, officially released the TOSHMS (Taiwanese Occupational Safety and Health Management System) document, which defines the basic rules of safety standards.

United Arab Emirates

OSHAD was introduced in 2010 to regulate the implementation of occupational health and safety in the region

United States

In the United States, President Richard Nixon signed the Occupational Safety and Health Act into law on December 29, 1970. The law created three institutions that run it. They include the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and the Occupational Safety and Health Commission. The action endorses Occupational Safety and Health Safety (OSHA) to govern private entrepreneurs in 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the region. The law stipulates that it includes a general liability clause (29 USC Ã,§ 654,5) (a)) which requires the employer to comply with the laws and regulations derived therefrom, and to provide employees with "work and workplace free of hazards which is known to cause or possibly cause death or serious physical harm to its employees. "

OSHA was founded in 1971 under the Department of Labor. It has its headquarters in Washington, DC and ten regional offices, further broken down into districts, each organized into three parts; compliance, training, and assistance. Its stated mission is to ensure safe and healthy working conditions for men and women working by establishing and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance. The initial plan was for OSHA to oversee 50 state plans with OSHA funding 50% of each plan. Unfortunately it did not work that way. There are currently 26 approved state plans (4 covering only public employees) and no other countries wishing to participate. OSHA manages plans in non-participating states.

OSHA develops security standards in the Federal Regulatory Code and enforces these security standards through compliance inspections conducted by the Compliance Officer; enforcement resources focused on high hazard industries. The workplace may apply to enter the OSHA Voluntary Protection Program (VPP); successful application leads to on-site inspection; if this is missed, the site's VPP status and OSHA no longer check it annually or (usually) visit it unless there is a fatal accident or employee complaint until VPP reversals (after 3-5 years) (VPP sites have less than half the average injury and illness rate for their industry).

It has 73 specialists in local offices to provide information and training tailored for employers and employees with little or no cost Similarly OSHA generates numerous publications, advises entrepreneurs and fund consulting services available to small businesses.

The OSHA Alliance Program allows groups who are committed to worker safety and health to work with it to develop tools and resources for compliance assistance, share information with workers and employers, and educate them on their rights and responsibilities. OSHA also has a Strategic Partnership Program that is zero at specific hazards or specific geographical areas. OSHA manages Susan B. Harwood grants to nonprofit companies to train workers and employers to recognize, avoid, and prevent safety and health hazards in the workplace. Grants focus on small businesses, hard-to-reach workers and industries with high hazards.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, created under the same measures, works closely with OSHA and provides research behind many OSHA rules and standards.

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Professional roles and responsibilities

OSH professional roles and responsibilities vary regionally, but may include evaluating the work environment, developing, supporting and encouraging measures that can prevent injury and disease, providing OSH information to employers, employees and the community, providing medical examinations, and assessing success worker health program.

Europe

In Norway, the main tasks a health and safety practitioner should perform are as follows:

• Systematic evaluation of the working environment
• Enforce precautions that eliminate the cause of illness at work
• Provides information about employee health
• Provide information on workplace hygiene, ergonomics, and environmental and safety risks at work

In the Netherlands, the tasks required for health and safety staff are only briefly defined and include the following:

• Provide a voluntary medical examination
• Providing workplace consultation space to workers
• Provide a health assessment (if required for the job)

'The main effect of Dutch law on professional safety work is through the requirements of each employer to use the services of the service of certified working conditions to advise them on health and safety'. 'Certified services' must use an adequate number of four types of certified experts to cover risks in organizations that use the service:

• Professional safety
• Workspace worker
• Working physician
• Work specialists and organizations.

In 2004, 37% of health and safety practitioners in Norway and 14% in the Netherlands had an MSc; 44% had BSc in Norway and 63% in the Netherlands; and 19% have training as OSH technicians in Norway and 23% in the Netherlands.

AS

The main tasks performed by OHS practitioners in the US include:

• Develop processes, procedures, criteria, requirements, and methods to achieve the best management of hazards and exposures that can cause injury to people, and damage property, or the environment;
• Applying good business practices and economic principles for efficient resource use to add to the importance of the security process;
• Promote other members of the company to contribute by exchanging ideas and other different approaches to ensure that everyone in the company has OHS knowledge and has a functional role in the development and implementation of safety procedures;
• Assess services, outcomes, methods, tools, workstations, and procedures using qualitative and quantitative methods to identify hazards and measure related risks;
• Check all possibilities, effectiveness, reliability, and expenses to achieve the best results for the company in question

The knowledge required by OSH professionals in the US includes:

• Constitutions and laws that control safety, health and the environment
• Operational procedures for planning/developing safe working practices
• Security, health, and environmental sciences
• Design of hazard control systems (ie fall protection, scaffolding)
• Design of recording system that takes into account, as well as storage, interpretation, and dissemination
• Math and statistics
• Processes and systems for safety through design

Some of the skills required by OHS professionals in the US include (but are not limited to):

• Understand and relate to systems, policies, and rules
• Holds inspection and has control method for possible malicious exposure
• Mathematical and statistical analysis
• Check manufacturing hazards
• Plan safe working practices for systems, facilities, and equipment
• Understand and use information security, health, and environmental sciences for upgrading procedures
• Interpersonal communication skills

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Difference between country and region

Because different countries take different approaches to ensure occupational safety and health, the area of ​​need and focus of OSH also varies across countries and regions. Similar to the findings of the ENHSPO survey conducted in Australia, the Institute of Occupational Medicine in the United Kingdom found that there is a need for more emphasis on occupational diseases in the UK. By contrast, in Australia and the US, the primary responsibility of OSH professionals is to keep the directors and managers aware of the issues they are dealing with health and safety principles and legislation. However, in some other regions of Europe, this is less: "Nearly half of senior managers and directors of companies have no current understanding of duties and responsibilities related to their health and safety."

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Identify safety and health hazards

Danger, risk, result

The terminology used in OSH varies between countries, but in general:

• Hazard is something that can be harmful if not controlled.
• The result is damage caused by uncontrolled hazards.
• Risk is a combination of the likelihood that certain results will occur and the severity of the losses involved.

"Danger", "risk", and "result" are used in other fields to describe eg. environmental damage, or equipment damage. However, in the context of OSH, "hazards" generally represent direct or indirect, temporary or permanent degradation, physical, mental, or social well-being of workers. For example, repeatedly handling heavy manuals is a hazard. The result may be musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) or acute back or joint injury. Risks can be expressed numerically (eg 0.5 or 50/50 chance of results occurring during the year), in relative terms (eg "high/medium/low"), or with a multi-dimensional classification scheme (eg specific situations ).

Hazard identification

Hazard identification or assessment is an important step in the overall risk assessment and risk management process. This is where the dangers of individual work are identified, assessed and controlled/eliminated as close to the source (hazard location) as possible. Because technology, resources, social expectations or regulatory requirements change, hazard analysis focuses on closer control toward the source of danger. So hazard control is a dynamic prevention program. Hazard-based programs also have the advantage of not setting or implying that there is "acceptable risk" in the workplace. Hazard-based programs may not be able to eliminate all the risks, but not also receive "satisfactory" results - but still at risk -. And since those who count and manage risks are usually temporary managers exposed to risk are different groups, workers, hazard-based approaches can bypass the conflict inherent in a risk-based approach.

Information that needs to be collected from the source should apply to the specific type of work from which hazards may originate. As mentioned earlier, examples from these sources include interviews with people who have worked in hazards, past history and analysis of incidents, and official reports of jobs and dangers. Of these, personnel interviews may be the most important in identifying undocumented practices, events, releases, hazards and other relevant information. Once the information is collected from the source collection, it is recommended that this be digitally archived (to allow for quick search) and to have the same physical set of information to be more accessible. One of the innovative ways to present complex historical hazard information is with historic hazard identification maps, which filter out hazard information into an easy-to-use graphical format.

Risk assessment

Modern occupational safety and health regulations typically require that risk assessments should be undertaken prior to intervention. Keep in mind that risk management requires risks to be managed to the lowest possible level of practice.

This assessment should:

• Hazard identification
• Identify all those affected by the hazard and how
• Risk evaluation
• Identify and prioritize appropriate control actions

The calculation of risk is based on the likelihood or the likelihood of realized damage and the severity of the consequences. This can be expressed mathematically as a quantitative assessment (by setting the probability and severity of low, medium and high with integers and multiplying them for risk factors), or qualitatively as a description of the circumstances in which hazards may arise.

Assessments should be recorded and reviewed on a regular basis and whenever there are significant changes to work practices. Assessment should include practical recommendations for risk control. Once the recommended control is implemented, the risk must be recalculated to determine whether it has been downgraded to an acceptable level. In general, newly introduced controls should reduce the risk of one level, ie from high to medium or from medium to low.

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Contemporary development

On an international scale, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labor Organization (ILO) have begun to focus on working environments in developing countries with projects such as Kota Sehat. Many of these developing countries are caught in a situation where their lack of resources to invest in K3 causes increased costs due to work-related illnesses and accidents. As the 2007 Factsheet of the European Agency for Occupational Health and Safety states: "Countries with less developed OSH systems spend a much higher percentage of GDP on work-related injuries and diseases - taking resources from more productive activities... ILO estimates that occupational illness and accidents cost up to 10% of GDP in Latin America, compared to only 2.6% to 3.8% in the EU. "There is still the use of asbestos, a well-known danger, in some developing countries. So diseases associated with asbestos, unfortunately, are expected to continue to be a significant problem in the future.

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is an example of a relatively new technology not studied. A Swiss survey of the hundred and thirty-eight companies that used or produced nanoparticulate matter in 2006 produced forty complete questionnaires. Sixty-five percent of the respondent companies stated that they did not have a formal risk assessment process to deal with nanoparticulate issues. Nanotechnology already presents new issues for OSH professionals that will only become more difficult as nanostructures become more complex. The particle size makes most of the containment and personal protective equipment ineffective. Toxicological values ​​for given macro-sized industrial substances are inaccurate because of the unique properties of nanoparticulate matter. As the nanoparticulate material decreases in size the surface area increases relatively dramatically, increasing the catalytic effect or chemical reactivity substantially versus the known value for the macro substance. This presents a new set of challenges in the near future to rethink contemporary measures to maintain employee health and well-being against nanoparticulate substances that have not yet been designed to be managed by most conventional controls.

Work Health Gap

Work health gap refers to differences in work-related injuries and diseases that are closely related to demographic, social, cultural, economic, and/or political factors.

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Education

There are several levels of training applicable to occupational safety and health (OSH). Courses range from individual non-credit certificates, focusing on specialized areas of attention, to full-time doctoral programs. The University of Southern California is one of the first schools in the US to offer a Ph.D. program focused on the field. Furthermore, several master degree programs exist, such as those from Indiana State University that offer master of science (MS) and master of arts (MA) at OSH. The postgraduate program is designed to train educators, as well as, high-level practitioners. Many OSH generalists focus on undergraduate studies; programs in schools, such as the Bachelor of Science from the University of North Carolina in the field of Environmental Health and Safety, meet most of the needs of cleanliness. However, smaller companies often do not have full time security specialists on staff, so, they are appointing current employees to be responsible. Individuals find themselves in this position, or for those who improve marketing in the job search and promotion arena, can look for credit certificate programs. For example, the online OSH Certificate from the University of Connecticut, gives students familiarity with the whole concept through a 15-credit (5-course) program. Such a program is often an adequate tool in building a strong educational platform for new safety managers with minimal time and money spend. Furthermore, most hygiene experts seek certification by organizations that train in certain concentration areas, focusing on the dangers of isolated workplaces. The American Society for Safety Engineers (ASSE), the American Board of Hygiene Industries (ABIH), and the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) offer individual certificates on many different subjects from forklift operations to waste disposal and are the main facilitators for continuing education in OSH Sector. In the US, safety professional training is supported by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health through their NIOSH Education and Research Center. In Australia, OSH training is available at vocational education and training levels, and at university and postgraduate level. Such university courses may be accredited by the Australian Security Council Accreditation Board. The Institute has produced Body of Knowledge that it deems necessary by a generalist health and safety professional, and offers professional qualifications based on a four-step assessment.

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World Day for Occupational Safety and Health

On 28 April the International Labor Organization celebrates "World Day for Safety and Health" to raise awareness of safety in the workplace. Occurs every year since 2003, focusing on a particular area each year and basing campaigns around themes.

See also

Related topics

Legal

Related fields

References

Further reading

• Health and Safety Executive (2009): A Guide to UK Safety and Health Regulations. Issue 4 ISBN 978-0-7176-6319-4
• Koester, Frank (April 1912). "Our Excellent Annual waste: Industrial Death Toll". World Work: Our Time History . XXIII: 713-715 . Retrieved 2009/07/10 Ã,
• Ladou, Joseph (2006). Current & amp; Environmental Medicine (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBNÃ, 0-07-144313-4
• Roughton, James (2002). Developing an Effective Safety Culture: A Leadership Approach (1st ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBNÃ, 0-7506-7411-3
• OHSAS 18000 series: (derived from British Standard, OHSAS intended to be compatible with ISO 9000 and 14000 series standards, but not an ISO standard)

External links

• (USA) CDC - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
• (EU) Health-UE Portal - Health and Safety at work
• ILO International Occupational Safety and Health Information Center
• The American Journal of Industrial Medicine

Source of the article : Wikipedia