Hurricane Irma is a powerful and powerful Cape Verde storm, the strongest observed in the Atlantic in terms of maximum sustained winds since Wilma, and the strongest storm recorded in the open Atlantic. Irma was the first Category 5 storm to attack the Leeward Islands in the record, followed by Hurricane Maria two weeks later, and was the second largest recorded Caribbean storm after Mary. The so-called ninth storms, the fourth storm, the second major storm, and the first Category 5 hurricane of the 2017 Atlantic storm season, Irma caused widespread devastation and disasters throughout its long life, especially in the northeastern Caribbean and Florida Keys. It was also the strongest storm to strike the US continent since Katrina in 2005, the first major storm to make landfall in Florida since Wilma in the same year, and the first Category 4 storm to strike the country since Charley in 2004.
Irma evolved from a tropical wave near Cape Verde on 30 August. The favorable conditions allowed Irma to rapidly intensify into Category 3 hurricanes on the Saffir-Simpson wind scale at the end of August 31. However, the intensity of the storm fluctuated between Category 2 and 3 for the next several days, due to a series of eyewall replacement cycles. On September 4, Irma again became intensive, becoming a category 5 hurricane early in the next day, and acquired annular characteristics. On September 6, Irma reached a peak with 180 mph (285 km/h) wind speed and a minimum pressure of 914 hPa (27.0 inHg), making it the second most intense tropical storm in the world by 2017, behind only Hurricane Maria, and the strongest in the world by 2017, in terms of wind speed. Another eyewall replacement cycle caused Irma to weaken back to Category 4 hurricanes, but the storm again reached Category 5 status before making a landing in Cuba. Although land interaction weakened Irma into Category 2 storms, the system re-intensified to category 4 status as it crossed the warm waters of the Florida Strait, before landing at Cudjoe Key with winds at 130 mph, (215 km/h) on September 10. Irma weakened to Category 3 status, before another landing in Florida on Marco Island that day. The system is degraded into low-left in Alabama and eventually disappears on September 13 in Missouri.
The storm caused massive destruction in Barbuda, Saint BarthÃÆ' Â © lemy, Saint Martin, Anguilla, and the Virgin Islands as a category 5 category. The storm caused at least 134 deaths: one in Anguilla; one in Barbados; three in Barbuda; four in the British Virgin Islands; 10 in Cuba; 11 in the French West Indies; one in Haiti; three in Puerto Rico; four on the Dutch side of Sint Maarten; 92 in the adjacent United States, and four in the US Virgin Islands. Hurricane Irma is the top Google search term in the US and globally by 2017.
Video Hurricane Irma
Riwayat meteorologi
The National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring the tropical tide in western Africa on August 26. Tropical waves moved off the coast of the continent on August 27. Over the next two days, the rain and waves associated with the waves became more regular. and gradually united into a low-pressure area, as the system passed south and then through the Cape Verde Islands on August 29, with the NHC stating that any significant organization of disturbance would result in the classification of tropical depression. Further organizations over the next 24 hours or so lead to the classification of disturbances as Tropical Storm Irma, at 06:00 UTC on August 30, based on scatterometer data and satellite estimates. With warm ocean surface temperatures and low wind shear, reinforcement is anticipated, with the only hurdle being slightly colder water and drier air.
The new storm began to develop poleward-level outflows, when an anticyclone became stronger over the system, with comparative features becoming increasingly apparent in satellite imagery. Beginning on August 31, shortly after the development of a thick overcast center (CDO) and eye features, Irma rapidly intensified, becoming Category 2 hurricane at 18:00 UTC and then Category 3 hurricanes, into a major storm - around 00:00 UTC on September 1st. In a 48-hour period, the intensity of the storm increased 65 mph (105 km/h). On September 2, a ship passes 60 mi (97 km) west of the Irma center, capturing a maximum of 45 mph (72 km/h), indicating that Irma's eyes remain compact. The powerful high pressure system in northern Irma caused the storm to move west-southwest between September 2 and September 4. The first reconnaissance mission aircraft departed from Barbados on the afternoon of September 3, found 29 miles (47 km) in diameter and a surface wind of 115 mph (185 km/h).
On September 4, after moving to more favorable conditions, Irma strengthened into Category 4 hurricane. As it continued to approach the Leeward Islands, Irma experienced a second and stronger intensification period, becoming Category 5 hurr by 12:00 UTC the following day, with wind 175 mph (280 km/h). When it begins to take on the annular characteristics, a very strong storm continues to intensify, with maximum sustained wind peaking at 180 mph (285 km/h) near 18:00 UTC on September 5 - though it is operationally rated at 185 mph (295). km/h). Eight hours later, Irma made a landing along the northern coast of Barbuda near the peak power. Later that day, around 18:00 UTC, the storm pressure hit its lowest point at 914 mbar (27.0 inHg) - this is the lowest in the Atlantic since Dean in 2007. While maintaining its intensity, Irma made a successive landing on September 6 , at 11:15 UTC in Sint Maarten, and at 16: 30 UTC on Virgin Gorda, in the British Virgin Islands, all at that time are at peak intensity.
As the storm moved away from the Virgin Islands on September 6, observations from the reconnaissance flight as well as the Doppler radar in San Juan, Puerto Rico, showed an elliptical eye and two eyes. At the end of September 6, Typhoon passes about 60 mi (97 km) north of Puerto Rico. Moving west-northwest, Irma closely aligns Hispaniola's northern coast all day on September 7th. 7. After the start of the eye-changing cycle, Irma weakens into a category 4 storm as it passes south of the Turks and Caicos early September 8. It then ends a 60-hour period close together from Irma maintaining Category 5 intensity, the second longest every Atlantic storm has maintained the wind above 156 mph (251 km/h) - behind only a 1932 Cuban storm. At 5:00 UTC on September 8, Irma landed on Little Inagua island in the Bahamas with 155 mph (250 km/h) winds. The storm then began to trace further west due to the intensification of the subtropical ridge to the north. After the eyewall replacement cycle is over, Irma begins to re-intensify, and again reaches the intensity of Category 5 at 18:00 UTC that day in eastern Cuba as convection in becoming clearer and organized. The storm then made a landing at Cayo Romano, Cuba, at 03:00 UTC on September 9 with a wind of 165 mph (270 km/h). This made Irma only the second category 5 storm to invade Cuba in recorded history, after the 1924 Cuban storm. As Irma's eyes moved along the northern coast of Cuba, the weakening gradually occurred due to terrestrial interaction, with eyes full of clouds and intensity falling into the Category high end 2 later on September 9th.
After slowing down late on September 9, the hurricane turned northwest to Florida around the southwestern end of subtropical heights to the northeast and a low-pressure system located over the continent of the United States. Moving on the warm waters of the Florida Strait, Irma was quickly reinforced into Category 4 at 06:00 UTC on September 10, as convection in the rise and eyes became more apparent. In addition, Irma's wind field continues to increase in size, with storm-force winds covering an area of ​​80 miles (130 km) and strong winds that stretch 220 mi (350 km) in diameter. Typhoon made the landing at Cudjoe Key, Florida, at 13:00 UTC on September 10 in Category 4 intensity, with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h). The increase of wind shear and soil interactions caused the emergence of storm satellites to be ragged on that day, and Irma weakened to Category 3 intensity before making a seventh and final landing at 19: 30 UTC at Marco Island, Florida, with a sustained wind of 115 mph (185 km/hour). After Irma moved into the interior, he began to accelerate north-northwest, while rapid decline began to occur due to increased wind shear, ground interaction, and dry air, with the storm falling under Category 3 hours of intensity after the landing. Past the east of Tampa as the weakest Category 1 storm around 06:00 UTC on Sept 11, Irma continues to weaken as most of the convection becomes more diffused towards the north circle of semi-circulation - despite maintaining a large wind field. , with most of Florida experiencing strong winds. The system eventually weakened into a tropical storm around 12:00 noon when it entered southern Georgia, while acquiring some extratropical characteristics. At 6:00 UTC on September 12, Irma slumped to a low remnant just as it entered Alabama, as most of the convection inside was reduced. The remains survived for a day or more before disappearing in Missouri on 13 September.
Maps Hurricane Irma
Preparation
Caribbean
Given that Irma's forecast trail lies along most of the Caribbean island chain, hurricane warnings are issued to the northern Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico and Hispaniola section on September 5th.
On September 4, Puerto Rico declared a state of emergency. On September 6, the US Federal Emergency Management Agency has deployed a response team in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. Inventories, including food rations, medical supplies, and blankets, are staged at strategic locations in the archipelago for distribution.
In Antigua and Barbuda, residents protect their homes and clean up their property to anticipate strong winds. Emergency crews are on standby at public shelters and hospitals on Sept. 5 to assist with evacuation. Expecting a direct attack, more than half of the population in Barbuda took refuge, and relief supplies were pre-emptively mobilized.
In Guadeloupe, low and flooded houses were evacuated due to flood and erosion threats. Schools and public businesses are closed on September 5 and 6. The hospital provides three days worth of inventory and checks the function of their generator. Of the 32 municipalities on the island, 22 activate their emergency plans; 1,500 people are urged to seek refuge. The island suffered relatively little damage and became the base for relief efforts in St. Martin (St. Martin's Collectivity) and St. Barts (Saint BarthÃÆ' © lemy).
Although the core of the storm is expected to remain in the north of the island, a yellow warning is issued to Martinique because of the possibility of rough seas. The island sends relief supplies and military reinforcements to neighboring islands, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Saint Barthà © bec, which are at greater risk than direct impacts. The National Emergency Management Organization in Saint Lucia urges small craft operators and swimmers to pay close attention to forecasts for high surfing. Small Craft Warnings and High Surf Advisories are flown to Dominica, where residents are urged to stay alert to the potential for high waves, landslides, and floods.
In Turkey and Caicos, evacuation orders were issued for lowland areas from 5 September. Schools were closed, government buildings were closed, and shelters were opened. Officials disseminate warnings to residents in English, Creole, and Spanish through social media, radio, text SMS, and WhatsApp.
On 5 September, the Dominican Republic activated the International Charter on Space and the Great Disaster, thus providing humanitarian satellite coverage; The United States and Haiti followed suit two days later. According to officials, 11,200 people were evacuated from vulnerable areas before the arrival of the storm. 7,400 tourists were moved to Santo Domingo, away from the beach resorts.
In Haiti, government officials and aid organizations are struggling with early preparations and evacuation efforts. While some officials blame the reluctance and indifference on the part of the population, others "recognize that they are not ready for onslaught and there is no mandatory evacuation order that existed before Irma's approach," per The Guardian . Local officials are of the opinion that they do not receive the funds, supplies, or equipment promised from the national government. The United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti is preparing 1,000 peacekeepers and engineers to help.
In the Bahamas, the government began preparations a week before the arrival of the storm, including securing a national sports facility to be used as a shelter. On September 7, the government has evacuated 1,609 people by air from the southern islands, including 365 from Bimini. The controlled power supply cuts to the southern and central Bahamian islands before the storm. Shelter is available, although its use is low as most refugees live with families on other islands. Of the 2,679 foreign tourists still in the Bahamas on September 7, about 1,200 are being housed on Atlantis Paradise Island, one of the country's most hurricane structures.
In Cuba, meteorologists initially did not predict a direct attack. Fuel conservation is enforced in CamagÃÆ'¼ey Province to ensure that enough will be available during post-storm power outages. Civil Defense evacuates nearly a million people from low-lying areas, including thousands of Canadian and European tourists in Jardines del Rey. Dolphins at a Cayo Guillermo resort were evacuated by helicopter.
Mainland United States
NHC issued several watches and warnings for the Southeastern United States. The first watch and warning were issued at 15:00 UTC on September 7, which is a cyclone from Jupiter Inlet to Bonita Beach, including the Florida Keys and Lake Okeechobee. Wristwatches and anniversaries extended to Georgia and South Carolina on September 9th. At 21:00 UTC on the day, advisors reach the maximum limit, with a storm warning spanning the entire east coast of the state, the west coast of the Indian Pass to the south, and the Florida Keys; a storm watch is in place from the Florida-Georgia country line to Edisto Beach, South Carolina; and there are two tropical storm warnings, one in Florida from the Indian Pass to the Okaloosa-Walton county line and the other from the Florida-Georgia country line to South Santee River in South Carolina. Wristwatches and warnings gradually stopped because Irma moved into the interior and weakened, with everything canceled at the beginning of 12 September.
Florida
On September 4, Florida Governor Rick Scott declared a state of emergency. Governor Scott puts 100 members of the Florida National Guard who are in charge of assisting the preparations. All 7,000 troops were ordered to serve on 8 September. Officials advise residents to stock up their storm equipment. The state coordinates with power companies so that power cuts can be recovered as quickly as possible, extending resources such as equipment, fuel and lodging to about 24,000 restored activation personnel. Governor Scott stopped all toll roads in Florida, including the highway. All state offices in Florida are closed from 8 September to 11 September, while public schools, public colleges, and state universities across 67 counties are closed during the same period. The Florida Department of Education coordinates with the district schools because of the transportation needs of the school bus and open the shelter. On September 9, more than 150 state parks were closed.
Across the state, nearly 700 emergency shelters were opened. The shelters collectively accommodate about 191,764 people, with more than 40% of them living in shelters in South Florida, including 31,092 in Miami-Dade County, 17.263 in Palm Beach County, 17,040 in Collier County and 17,000 in Broward County. In addition, more than 60 special needs shelters were opened, which housed more than 5,000 people on 9 September.
Many airports across the state, especially in Central and South Florida, are closed. Nearly 9,000 flights to arrive or depart from Florida were canceled. Along the coast of Florida, Canaveral Harbor, Key West, Manatee, Miami, Palm Beach and Port Everglades, and St. Petersburg is closed, while ports in Fernandina, Jacksonville, Panama City, and Pensacola are opened, but with limited access. For the fifth time in 45 years of history, Walt Disney World Resort is completely closed due to the storm. The theme parks, water parks and Disney Springs are closed at 09:00. on September 9 and remains closed until 12 September. Other Orlando theme parks, including Universal Orlando Resort and SeaWorld Orlando, are also closed. Kennedy Space Center is closed from 8 September to 15 September.
An estimated 6.5 million Floridians are ordered to evacuate, most of those living on barrier or coastal islands; in a mobile home or sub-standard; and in lowland or flood-prone areas. Evacuation must be ordered for Brevard, Broward, Citrus, Collier, Dixie, Duval, Flagler, Glades, Hendry, Hernando, Indian, Lee, Martin, Miami-Dade, Orange, Palm Beach, Pasco, Pinellas, Sarasota, Seminole, St.. Lucie, Sumter, and Volusia districts. All Monroe County, where the Florida Keys are located, is placed under mandatory evacuation. Residents in the community near the southern part of Lake Okeechobee were also ordered to leave. In addition, voluntary evacuation notices are issued for all or part of Alachua, Baker, Bay, Bradford, Charlotte, Columbia, Desoto, Hardee, Highlands, Hillsborough, Lake, Manatee, Okeechobee, Osceola and Polk County.
The 6.5 million Floridia record was evacuated, making it the largest evacuation in the country's history. Evacuees caused significant traffic congestion on Interstate North 95, Interstate 75, and Florida's Turnpike, exacerbated by the fact that the entire Florida peninsula was in a cone of uncertainty in the NHC's forecast path in the days before the storm, resulting in evacue from both beaches to the north, because refugees will not be more secure by fleeing to the opposite coast. Fuel supplies short across the Florida peninsula for the week before Irma's arrival, especially along the evacuation route, leading to an hour-long line at fuel stations and even escort fuel trucks by the Florida Highway Patrol. The use of the left shoulder as a lane for moving traffic was allowed on the 75th Northern Interstate from Wildwood to the Georgian state line starting September 8 and on the 4th Eastern Interstate 4 from Tampa to State Road 429 near Celebration for a few hours on September 9th. the first time that a shoulder use plan, introduced at the start of the 2017 hurricane season, is implemented by the state for storm evacuations. A shoulder use plan is implemented at the intersection of contraflow labor and resource intensive routes, where both sides of the interstate highways are used for one-way traffic.
Officials from the Environmental Protection Agency, who have been criticized for his response to Hurricane Harvey, took special measures to check and secure hazardous materials, especially on the Superfund site.
Elsewhere
The Georgian Governor Nathan Deal declared a state of emergency initially for all six coastal districts on September 6; However, emergencies expanded to include 30 counties in southeast and east central Georgia, and the Governor of the Deal ordered mandatory evacuations for all areas east of Interstate 95 on 7 September. The reversal of the contraflow line for Interstate 16 takes effect on September 9 at 8:00 am from Savannah to Dublin, Georgia. On September 8, the Governor of the Deal expanded the emergency to cover 94 districts south of the Atlanta metropolitan area, with the evacuation obliged to extend to cover the entire Chatham region as well as the lowland areas west of I-95. In total, 540,000 people on the coast of Georgia were ordered to leave. On September 10, a state of emergency for Georgia was extended to cover the entire state, while Atlanta was placed under its first tropical storm warning.
All the state parks of Georgia opened for free for evacuation, such as a campground area of ​​800 acres at Atlanta Motor Speedway. The reversible HOT line on Interstate 75 in Georgia via metro south Atlanta is opened 24 hours north without tolls.
North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper declared a state of emergency on September 6, with South Carolina Governor Henry McMaster following the same day. Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffe declared a state of emergency on September 8 to protect the citizens of Virginia and mobilize resources to support neighboring countries.
Officials in New Orleans state that there will not be much time to prepare if Irma fails to make changes to the projected north, but South Texas or Florida will not be a good evacuation destination. Talladega Superspeedway near Talladega, Alabama, opened their camp for free evacuation.
On September 10, 2017, Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam issued an executive order allowing medical professionals in other states to train in Tennessee to help the Hurricane Irma refugees. This order also allows pharmacies to provide 14-day drug supplies, and gives women and children from outside the state the ability to participate in the Tennessee Health Department program.
Sports
In professional sports, the Miami Dolphins-Tampa Bay Buccaneers match scheduled for September 10 at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami was postponed until November 19th due to a storm threat. The Dolphins leave early for their street match against the Los Angeles Chargers. Although their schedule was not influenced by Irma, Jacksonville Jaguars remained in Houston until 12 September, two days after their game against the Texans. The Tampa Bay Rays and New York Yankees have the September 11-13 series they moved from Tropicana Field in St. Louis. Petersburg to Citi Field, in Queens. The Florida State League, the Carolina League, and the Southern League Minor League Baseball canceled their final of the championship and as a result, named their winner division championship series. Miami FC match against San Francisco Deltas on September 10 was canceled so players and staff could prepare for a storm with their families. The Orlando Pride of National Women's Soccer League rescheduled the 9 September game to 7 September. Orlando City SC of Major League Soccer did not have a home game schedule in September, but was unable to return to training facilities in Orlando due to Hurricane Irma.
On the football campus, the UCF Knights-Memphis Tigers game will take place at 20:00 EDT on September 9 moved to September 30, replacing the UCF game against Maine and the Memphis game against Georgia State. UCF also canceled their match against Georgia Tech which was originally scheduled on September 16, when the UCF stadium hosts the National Guard. The USF Bulls-Connecticut Huskies football game was also canceled. The Miami Hurricanes-Arkansas State Redwolves game scheduled for Sept. 9 at the Centennial Bank Stadium in Arkansas was canceled due to travel problems for the University of Miami. The Florida Gators-Northern Colorado Bears game in Gainesville, originally scheduled for September 9 was canceled. The Florida Seminole Contest against the Louisiana-Monroe Warhawks was canceled on 8 September. Seminoles competition match with Hurricane in Tallahassee, originally scheduled for next Saturday, September 16, postponed three weeks later to 7 October. FIU Panthers match against Alcorn State Braves moved one day and transferred to Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. The Georgia Southern Eagles game against the New Hampshire Wildcats on September 9 was also transferred to Legion Field for the day.
FEMA funding
On Sept. 5, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) funding went very low, due to its response to Hurricane Harvey in Texas the previous week, prompting the Trump administration to demand an immediate $ 8 billion in additional funding when Irma approached Florida. Given the current level of funds being consumed and catastrophic damage, the United States Senate almost doubled the requested amount to $ 15.3 billion, with the understanding that this would only be about 10% of what would be required to respond to Harvey.
Impact
The path of Hurricane Irma is such that its impact is far and destructive, with the landscape in Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Martin, Bahamas, Cuba, and the United States, all at the intensity of a major storm. Furthermore, the size of the storm system means that destruction is prevalent even in areas far from landing events.
Antigua and Barbuda
The eyewall of the storm moved over Barbuda near its peak initial intensity record on September 6; the weather station observes 160 mph winds (257 km/h). Despite reports of structural damage such as an exploding roof appearing shortly after, the exact state of the island remained unclear for hours after Irma's journey, as disconnected telephone lines stopped all communications with nearby islands. Later that afternoon, Prime Minister Gaston Browne surveyed the area by helicopter, revealing an inaccessible island effectively. Irma destroys or destroys 95% of the buildings in Barbuda, including hospitals, schools, and both hotels; it actually flattened some blocks of the settlement while immersing the others. The destruction made it the island 's only airport and many of its non - operating infrastructure - including water and telecommunication services - are further hampering relief efforts. Property damage in Barbuda ranges from $ 150 million to $ 300 million. Three storm-related deaths have been reported on the island.
In addition to the catastrophic impact on the human population of Barbuda, concerns shifted to the effects of hurricanes on the island's wildlife. The only endemic bird on the island, almost threatening, the Barbuda warbler, numbered less than 2,000 before the cyclone. It is not known whether the warbler survived the storm or its aftermath. Laguna Codrington Barbuda, home to the largest frigate bird colony in the Caribbean, with about 2,500 pairs of nests, also flooded by storm surges.
Staying outside Irma's strongest breeze, Antigua suffered less severe damage, in the form of a flattened roof and fence, fallen poles and electricity lines, and fallen trees. Some street floods also occur in lowland areas. Three people were treated for minor storm-related injuries. Forensic disaster analyst from the Center for Disaster Risk Reduction and Technology Management (CEDIM), a German-based risk management agency, estimates that the economic losses to Antigua and Barbuda will exceed $ 120 million.
Saint Martin
On the morning of September 6, Irma's center crossed the island of Saint Martin while the storm was at its peak intensity, sweeping the entire structure, soaking the roads and cars, and triggering the extinction of the entire island. The extreme winds of Irma tear trees from the ground and send vehicles and debris from damaged buildings scattered throughout the region. On the French side of Saint-Martin, the entire marina around Marigot was left in ruins, littered with the remains of a destroyed ship that hit each other. A hotel was on fire, but the hazardous conditions and unimpeded roads prevented firefighters from extinguishing the fire. Another hotel lost almost all its ground floor. Media images depict the interior of a ruined room with furniture thrown after the wind destroyed their windows. Irma killed four people on the French side of the island and injured 50 others, one of whom was in critical condition. As many as 95% of the buildings there are damaged to some extent; 60% of them are completely uninhabitable. Estimates from CEDIM show an economic loss of at least $ 950 million. Total losses exceed EUR3.5 billion ($ 4.07 billion USD).
A similar situation occurred in Sint Maarten, half of the Dutch Saint Martin, when strong winds broke through buildings and lifted vehicles up "as if they were matches". The storm wreaked havoc at Princess Juliana International Airport, with "large pieces of [scattered] buildings on the runway and a jet bridge jerking in half." It destroyed or severely damaged about 70% of the houses of Sint Maarten, forcing thousands of inhabitants into public shelters. There are 4 deaths and 23 injuries, 11 of which are serious, in Dutch territory. Irma is considered the worst natural disaster to attack Sint Maarten; the extent of the damage far exceeds the previous storm. Prime Minister William Marlin estimates that at least EUR1 billion ($ 1.2 billion) will be needed to recover the devastation, while disaster analysts from CEDIM predict losses will exceed $ 1.5 billion.
Saint BarthÃÆ' © lemy
Irma left extensive damage and flood disaster along its path over the French island of Saint BarthÃÆ' Â © lemy, southeast of Saint Martin. Describing the extent of the destruction, a local compares it to "the bomb that burns all vegetation," while others say as if the storm effectively "wiped the island off the map". The cruel sea wiped out entire coastal areas, with one hotel stripped of all but its foundation. The streets of the capital city of Gustavia turned into a swift river, carrying vehicles and furniture. The fire station on the island was flooded with flood waters up to 6.4 m (2.0 m). With many homes and many destroyed infrastructure, the majority of the island's population is stranded and without water, electricity or telephone service. The associated economic losses may exceed $ 480 million according to CEDIM analysts.
An initial assessment by the French government showed that Hurricane Irma caused a combined EUR1.2 billion ($ 1.44 billion) in insured losses across the French territory of Saint-Martin and Saint Barts. This total includes private property such as homes, vehicles, and businesses (including lost revenues); the extent to which damage to infrastructure and public facilities has not been determined. Nevertheless, this makes Irma one of the most expensive natural disasters that hit the French Republic in 50 years.
On January 30, 2018, approximately five months after Irma, an analysis was published which showed that the anemometer on the island recorded an unofficial boost of up to 199 mph (320 mph/hr) before it failed.
Anguilla
The British Foreign Territory in Anguilla saw a storm spy hit him on 6 September. Many homes and schools were destroyed, and the only hospital on the island was badly damaged. The devastation was particularly severe in the East End, where winds uprooted trees and power lines and destroyed houses. In The Valley, the island's capital, hurricanes blow the windows of government buildings. The ferocious sea inflicted heavy damage on several bays and harbors, and a beachside restaurant was completely eradicated. Approximately 90% of roads are left bypassed. The air traffic control tower on the island was damaged, exacerbating already bad communications with the island. One death was reported on the island. According to CEDIM, Anguilla's economy could suffer a loss of at least $ 190 million from the storm.
The rest of the Little Antilles
The big waves in front of Irma sweep the ruins of the beach and the marine life in Castries, Saint Lucia, blocking some roads. The road by the sea is flooded with water. A surfer was killed in a bad wave in Barbados after crashing into a rock and breaking his neck. Trees are also destroyed. The effects of storms, such as the ferocious oceans and rattling trees, are powerful enough to be detected by seismographs in Guadeloupe. Some houses are damaged. Some 8,000 households and water supply networks on the island lost power during the storm, leaving some communes in the dark without running water. The overall damage is limited to the outer parts of homes and trees being blown into the road and three unmanned vessels destroyed by rough seas.
Saint Kitts and Nevis experience similar conditions to other islands. Blustery rainstorms trigger scattered power cuts and disable the island's water system, but according to the International Red Cross, the islands are spared the level of destruction seen elsewhere. However, Prime Minister Timothy Harris stated that property and infrastructure have suffered "significant damage." The Dutch territory of Saba and Sint Eustatius were also hit by storms, which resulted in infrastructure damage, water shortages and telecommunications outages. Some houses are uninhabitable. In Saba, hurricanes also destroy trees and injure some people. CEDIM analysts expect economic losses of $ 20-65 million for the two islands.
British Virgin Islands
Damage in the British Virgin Islands is extensive. Many buildings and roads were destroyed on the island of Tortola, which bears the burden of a storm core. Four people confirmed dead. Throughout Cane Garden Bay, storm surges drown out some beach bars and a gas station. Satellite images show many residential zones on the island have become ruins. The storm passed Necker Island, also causing severe damage and destroying the mansion of Richard Branson.
Most homes and businesses were destroyed on the island of Jost Van Dyke, the smallest of the four main islands of B.V.I. The governor, Gus Jaspert, who had just been inducted into office 13 days earlier, declared a state of emergency - the first time it ever happened in the Territory. After the storm, authorities estimated that it would take 6 months to restore public electricity throughout the country; estimates that proved to be very accurate.
US. Virgin Islands
The Irma effect in the US Virgin Islands is deepest on Saint Thomas, where at least 12 inches (305 mm) of rain falls, and in Saint John. The island of Saint Thomas suffered extensive structural damage, including to police stations and airports. Patients from the fourth and third floor of Charlotte Amalie hospital should be moved downstairs due to flooding from roof leaks. Three deaths were attributed to Irma on the island. Near Saint Croix, there are communication problems and some damage to the infrastructure. Saint John lost access to ferry and cargo services, along with access to the local airport. Due to his normal dependence on electricity from Saint Thomas, the island was left without electricity.
Puerto Rico
The waves in Puerto Rico reach a height of 30 feet (9.1 m); 111 miles (179 km) per hour of gusts measured at Culebra. Two people died from a rainstorm in front of a cyclone: ​​one person died in Orocovis after falling from the ladder while repairing the roof; another man on the beach at Capitanejo died after being struck by lightning. The three closest fishermen were burned by the same lightning strike, but survived. Two others were killed in a storm: a woman died while evacuated from her home in a wheelchair and falling from the same head; another person died in a car accident in CanÃÆ'³vanas. In rural LoÃÆ'za, 79 houses were destroyed. More than a million residents lost power due to the damage caused by the storm, according to former Puerto Rico governor Alejandro GarcÃÆ'a Padilla. Governor Ricardo RossellÃÆ'³ declared the Culebra and Vieques islands as a disaster area.
Hispaniola
Despite direct attacks, the Dominican Republic and Haiti were affected by strong winds and heavy rains. A bridge over the Dajabau River connecting the two countries was damaged.
In the Dominican Republic, the fishing communities in Nagua suffered damage from waves that destroyed homes. 55,000 troops were deployed to the affected areas to assist with the cleaning efforts. On the night of September 7, the government had calculated 2,721 damaged houses.
In Haiti, floods of one meter deep sit in residential neighborhoods in places like Cap-HaÃÆ'¯tien, Ouanaminthe, and Gonaives. Landslides, destroyed homes, floods, and infrastructure damage are reported in the northern part of the country. The total stretch of flood stretches from MÃÆ'Â'le-Saint-Nicolas in the west to the eastern border with the Dominican Republic.
Turks and Caicos Islands
On the evening of 7 September, at 7:30 pm AST ( 23:30 UTC ), Hurricane Irma reached Turks and Caicos Islands. While the eye passes south of the main islands, crossing the South Caicos and Ambergris Cays, the strongest wind on the north side of the eye sweeps across the island for more than two hours. Communications infrastructure is destroyed.
On September 8, Infrastructure Minister Goldray Ewing confirmed that damage to the Providenciales was extensive, with the northwestern neighborhood of Blue Hill "lost". The hospital in the capital, Cockburn Town, was damaged, but no deaths or injuries were reported. In South Caicos, 75% of the roof is gone. The total damage is unknown, but it is believed to exceed $ 231 million of Hurricane Ike's toll in 2008.
Bahamas
In the Bahamas, the eye of a storm passes through Duncan Town, the main settlement of the Ragged Islands chain, on September 8th. It also passed "almost directly" Inagua and the South Acklins, according to the Bahamas Meteorological Department.
Damage is largely confined to the southern islands beginning the morning of September 8th. At Mayaguana and Great Inagua, the power cord breaks off communication. In Great Inagua, 70% of homes suffered roof damage, and the island school lost its roof completely. The signature production facility of Morton Salt Company, one of the country's largest companies, suffered millions of dollars in damage. The Acklins settlement in Salina Point is cut off from the whole island by floods, while Bengkok Island has extensive roof damage. In northern Bahamas, the worst property damage occurred on September 10 because the band's outer system generates tornadic activity in Grand Bahama and Bimini. Damages and losses across the Bahamas totaled $ 135 million.
When Irma landed in Florida, the ocean that surrounds the Bahamas was pulled by Irma.
Cuba
Beginning September 9, Irma made a landing at the CamagÃÆ'¼ey Archipelago off the north coast of Cuba, with a wind speed of 165 mph (270 km/h). Across the country, the cyclone caused 13.6 billion pesos (US $ 513.3 million) in damages and killed 10 people. More than 158,000 houses were damaged, of which 14,657 were destroyed; about 1.9 million people experience direct effects from Irma.
Weather station in Esmeralda, CamagÃÆ'¼ey broken, with wind gauge destroyed. According to The New York Times , northern Cuba experienced "waves as high as over 16 feet, and damage to hospitals, factories and warehouses."
On the afternoon of September 9, Irma has weakened into Category 2 due to Cuban topography but continues to cause significant damage. The Cayo Coco, Cayo Guillermo and Cayo Santa MarÃÆ'a tourist areas and the nearby town of CaibariÃÆ'Ân n receive storm burden, with the waves rolling into the city and typical one-story houses completely flooded. The flood worsened as a hurricane moved west, pushing storm surges into areas around Havana. In the afternoon, limited floods occurred in Havana, including around the MalecÃÆ'³n. The destruction of large housing is reported in the provinces of Ciego de ÃÆ'vila and Villa Clara. In the city of Santa Clara, 39 buildings collapsed.
Hurricane Irma had a direct impact on the main colony of American flamingos in Cayo Coco north of Cuba. Initial reports from Diario de Cuba show that several hundred flamingos have been killed by storms, though other estimates range as high as several thousand birds.
United States Mainland
Hurricane Irma affects many states in the South, especially Florida. Except for the Florida Keys, the total damage caused by Irma is not as big as that warned by government officials and forecasters. Hurricane Irma weakened after making a landing in Cuba, but reinforced it into Category 4 before hitting the button. The Florida Keys suffered the worst damage in the United States. After the survey after Irma, Florida Governor Rick Scott said "I think we will see more damage" [on the mainland] but says "he witnessed the destruction in Keys". President Donald Trump commented on Twitter that the destruction in some places is "much larger than people thought".
Damage in the United States is estimated at at least $ 50 billion. At that time, Irma was the second longest tropical cyclone in the United States, behind the hurricane Sandy in 2012, Harvey at the start of the year, and Katrina in 2005. However, then in September 2017, Hurricane Maria became the third largest tropical storm in the United States, causing Irma to be ranked the bottom to the fifth. At least 92 people have been killed across the United States in connection with Hurricane Irma: 84 in Florida, 3 in Georgia, 3 in South Carolina, and 2 in North Carolina. The storm caused more than 9.2 million power outages.
Florida
Huge storm winds produce strong winds in most of Florida, except for western Panhandle. The highest reported sustained wind velocity is 112 mph (180 km/h) on Marco Island, while the strongest wind gusts are 142 mph (229 m/h), recorded near Naples, despite gusts of 150 to 160 mph (240 260 km/h) is likely to occur in the Keys of Central Florida. More than 7.7 million homes and businesses in Florida are left without electricity at some point - about 73.33% of states. Generally large amounts of rainfall are recorded on the east side of Irma's road, including a total peak of 21.66 at (550 mm) at Fort Pierce. Heavy rains - and storm surges, in some cases - overflow at least 32 rivers and creeks, causing massive flooding, especially along the St. Johns and his tributaries. Many homes and businesses have been damaged or destroyed, with over 65,000 buildings damaged to some extent in West Central and Southwest Florida alone. Agriculture suffered damages of about $ 2.5 billion. It is estimated that the typhoon caused damage of at least $ 50 billion, making Irma the most expensive storm in Florida's history, surpassing Hurricane Andrew.
Across Florida, at least 84 people were killed in storm-related incidents. About half of these deaths occur due to drowning, trauma, and carbon monoxide poisoning. The first death related to Irma in Florida occurred on September 8, when a man fell down the stairs while installing a storm window at Davie. Broward County has 21 deaths, the most from every region in Florida. Among those killed were 12 people at the Rehabilitation Center in Hollywood Hills, a Hollywood nursing home. The patients died from the sweltering heat exacerbated by the lack of air conditioning. The storm also caused at least 14 deaths in Monroe County (Florida Keys location); 6 deaths in Orange County; 5 deaths each on Duval, Miami-Dade, and Palm Beach County; 4 deaths in both Highlands and Hillsborough districts; 3 deaths in Marion and Polk districts; 2 deaths each in Collier, Hardee, Leon, Pinellas, St. Lucie, and Taylor district; and 1 death in Hendry, Lake, Lee, Liberty, Manatee, Nassau, Okeechobee, Pasco, Seminole, St. Johns, and Volusia districts.
With Irma making landfall in Monroe County as Category 4 hurricane, the Florida Keys are the region's hardest hit. Strong winds and flash floods caused massive damage to buildings, trailer parks, boats, roads, power supplies, cell phone coverage, internet access, sanitation, water supply and fuel supply across the island chain. It is estimated that a 10 foot (3 m) storm surge occurs in Cudjoe Key, where Irma makes landfall. Across the island, 625 homes suffered minor damage, 52 sustained major damage, and 81 were destroyed. On the Big Pine Key, one of the most damaged islands, 633 houses received little impact, 299 houses received a major impact, and 473 houses were completely destroyed. Overall in Monroe County, 27,649 homes suffered several degrees of damage, including 1,179 houses destroyed, 2,977 homes received major damage, and 5,361 suffered minor damage.
After destroying the Keys, the storm then struck Collier County as a Category 3 hurricane. Some communities in this area suffered extensive damage, especially along the coast. In all the unrelated areas of the area, 65 homes, including 44 mobile homes, were destroyed, while 1,008 houses received massive damage. Damage to property in unrelated areas alone amounted to approximately $ 320 million. Lee's district was whipped by strong winds and heavy rain, which caused prolonged flooding in some areas. More than 24,000 houses suffered some degree of damage, with nearly 3,000 houses receiving major damage and 89 homes destroyed. Damage in the county reached about $ 857 million.
Impacts in many metropolitan areas of Miami are generally limited to extensive tree and fence damage, as well as widespread power outages. However, in Miami-Dade County, about 1,000 homes received major damage and about 50% of the crops were lost. The storm surge caused coastal flooding from Homestead to Downtown Miami, as well as in parts of Miami Beach. Part of Florida Heartland was devastated by strong winds and floods, particularly the Hendry and Highlands areas. Both districts experienced almost total electricity losses. In the former country, which has many citrus trees in any area of ​​Florida, about 60% of citrus plants are lost. Throughout Hendry County, a total of 451 houses suffered minor damage, 131 houses suffered major damage, and 42 other houses were destroyed. In Highlands County, 13,138 businesses and homes were damaged to some extent, with 144 destroyed, 963 suffered major damage, and 2,408 received minor damage. Strong winds and torrential rain in Central Florida caused some wind and flood damage, especially in parts of lakes, Orange, Seminole and Volusia districts, which required evacuation and rescue, including more than 200 people in Orlo Vista after hundreds of homes were flooded. A total of 2,999 businesses or homes were damaged in Lake County, 7,430 in Seminole County, and 3,457 in Volusia County. In addition, eight tornadoes landed in Brevard County, all of which caused damage.
Throughout much of the Florida Gulf Coast, to the north where Irma made landfall, negative storm surges were observed, by removing water rather than driving the land, causing minor coastal flooding. However, on opposite beaches, widespread erosion and storm surge floods occurred on First Coast, especially on Duval and St.. Johns counties. In Duval County, St. Johns crested at altitudes that surpassed the record set during Hurricane Dora in 1964. Part of Jacksonville experienced floods, particularly the downtown area and the Riverside and San Marco area, with about 350 people rescued in parts of the city. Water reaches about 5Ã, ft (1.5 m) high in some homes. The city of Jacksonville suffered a loss of about $ 85 million.
In St. Johns County, the storm surge left widespread damage to the beachfront property at Ponte Vedra Beach and Vilano Beach, with some becoming uninhabitable. In addition, some riverside businesses in St. John's historic district Augustine was flooded by a storm surge from the Matanzas River. Near Clay County, rainfall and combined storm surges caused massive flooding along parts of Black Creek and the St. John River. Johns, with record high peaks at several locations along the former. About 350 people and 75 animals were rescued from flooding across the region. A total of 275 homes were destroyed, 175 had inflicted considerable damage, and 124 received minor damage.
More status
Three deaths were reported in Georgia due to the falling trees and debris, along with widespread wind damage and power outages across the country mainly due to fallen trees. On Tybee Island, storm surges caused massive flooding.
In Charleston, South Carolina, the third highest storm wave was recorded, reaching a height of about 10 feet (3 m). On September 12, nearly 100,000 people lost power in Upstate South Carolina. Five people were killed in storm-related incidents across South Carolina, all from an indirect incident.
Mild damage occurs in other areas, including Tennessee. About 75,000 customers in North Carolina lost power because of Irma.
Aftermath
Soon after Hurricane Irma passed the West Indies and the Caribbean, destruction to roads, ports and airports significantly impeded the transportation and distribution of relief supplies. Foreign countries moved to provide much initial assistance. The British, Dutch, French and US governments dispatched warships and aircraft with supplies and labor to the region. International leaders, including the Dutch King Willem-Alexander and French President Emmanuel Macron, quickly moved to visit the affected areas.
Some affected countries and regions also offer assistance to each other. Cuba, which suffered severe storm damage, sent 750 health workers to Antigua and Barbuda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, the Bahamas, Dominica and Haiti. Government officials and community members in Puerto Rico send aid and evacuate people stranded on other islands. US Citizenship and Immigration Services grants a 30 day humanitarian visa for British Virgin Islanders to live in Puerto Rico. Hundreds of people stranded in Saint Martin were flown to the Dominican Republic on humanitarian grounds.
Antigua and Barbuda
In response to Hurricane Jose's approach, the Government of Antigua and Barbuda issued a mandatory evacuation on Sept. 9 for every remaining inhabitant of Barbuda. A Miami cargo plane landed in Antigua that day, carrying over 60 tonnes (120,000 pounds) of relief supplies to the abandoned storm victims - including bottled water, canned food and electric generators.
United Kingdom Outside United Kingdom
RFA Mounts Bay places itself near Anguilla and provides aid and assistance to the island by helicopter and its 40 marines and military engineers. The ship delivered 6 tons of emergency aid to Anguilla and military engineers repaired a fuel leak at Anguilla's main gas dump, restoring power to the island's hospital and providing shelters for those displaced by the storm. The ship arrived in the British Virgin Islands on September 8, 2017 to provide emergency relief to the islands, including providing shelter, food and water. HMS Ocean was diverted from the Mediterranean to provide assistance from Gibraltar to the British Overseas Territories of Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos affected on September 7, 2017, and assistance also provided by the Department for International Development from their disaster response center at Kemble Airfield. As part of a £ 32 million operation named Operasi Ruman, nearly 500 British military personnel with emergency assistance were sent from RAF Brize Norton. This includes the first placement of No. 38 Expeditionary Air Wing with 3 RAF aircraft; 2 Atlas Airbus A400M and 1 C130J hercules to support relief efforts.
The British government also compiled 2 members of British police caliber to the area on September 10, 2017 and 53 police officers recruited from RAF Brize Norton to the affected British Overseas Territory on September 15, 2017 to help maintain order. British politicians, including foreign affairs chiefs and elected development committees, criticized the government's preparations for the storm and its inadequate response.
On September 12, 2017, the Department of International Development has sent more than 40 tons of aid to the region, including Turkey and Caicos, and 1,000 British military troops deployed in the region as part of the relief effort. British Prime Minister Theresa May pledged an additional £ 25 million in aid as part of a regional aid effort on September 13, 2017 and Foreign Minister for Foreign Affairs and Commonwealth, Boris Johnson, said that more than 250 British military personnel would deployed to the area within the next few days. Anguilla Prime Minister Victor Banks praised the British government's response to the storm and said Boris Johnson's visit to the island "sends a very positive signal to Kenyans that Britain is very serious about their response to this severe storm," but continues. to say that the current financial commitment of the UK is not large enough.
On September 15, 2017, the United Kingdom has more than 70 military personnel and 4 police officers in Anguilla and has sent 15 tons of aid to the island. In the Virgin Islands of the United Kingdom, the Royal Marines have cleared the airfield so that operations for aid shipments to the islands, with more than 200 British military personnel and 54 British police officers in the field and 8 tons of aid sent to the islands. 120 British military personnel are on the ground in Turks and Caicos, and more than 150 shelters and 720 liters of water are shipped to the islands on 15 September.
The amendments to the International Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (or OECD) international assistance regulations allow the UK government to provide access to £ 13.5 billion of aid to the affected Overseas British Territory, through the Official Development Assistance (ODA) in November 2017.
Bahamas
On the afternoon of September 9th, Bahamas Power and Light Company has sent crews across the archipelago to repair infrastructure damage. The southernmost islands, which are strongly influenced by Irma's eyes, remain largely inaccessible for days. Assessment shows that 15% of the national telecommunications network has been affected, with at least one tower destroyed. Bahamasair continued its limited domestic schedules on September 10, with international flights still being canceled due to existing and anticipated destruction at other destinations.
The worst devastation took place on Ragged Island, where Irma's eyes went straight. After several days of the National Emergency Management Agency can not physically reach the island, officials can finally check it; they immediately stated it was uninhabitable. Prime Minister Hubert Minnis said that it was the worst disaster area he had ever seen, and that all the remaining residents had to leave, permanently. Business leaders and other officials are calling for a new long-term development model to divert populations from the sparsely populated islands.
In the Grand Bahama and Bimini, where the Irma-related tornado landed on September 10, more than 100 people fled. Damage to infrastructure includes docks, parks, and power systems.
In addition to the real asset losses, Irma brings significant economic damage. International shipments are projected to be offline for a week, and the cost of rebuilding inventories is increasing due to demand in the US.
Cuban
The swollen river caused floods to deteriorate in the days after the storm system left, resulting in additional evacuations. Officials were forced to use inflatable rafts to access the affected areas. National electricity infrastructure is said to have been severely damaged.
Hispaniola
In the Dominican Republic, floods deteriorated following Irma's departure, causing the number of displaced to increase to more than 24,000 on September 8. President Danilo Medina ordered further evacuations due to the risky dam, while the government banned the river and ordered boats. stored in port. More than 422,000 people were left without water because 28 water lines were damaged.
In Haiti, officials say that the losses are greater than they might have been since people ignored the initial preparations and evacuation warnings. At least 5,000 homes are flooded. One dead trying to cross a flooded river; the others were lost and 17 wounded. Flooding of contaminated waste and waste in places like Cap-HaÃÆ'¯tien, Ouanaminthe, and Gonaives causes fears of cholera outbreaks. Floods continued to deteriorate the day after the storm, as runoff from the mountains flooded rivers in lowland farming communities. The United Nations peacekeeping force from Brazil could gain access to the flood-stricken northwest region to provide urgent assistance, but Haitian non-governmental organizations and economists warn that an estimated 30,000 victims will need long-term assistance as well. Prime Minister Jack Guy Lafontant appointed a government commission to overcome the Irma effect, with Action Against Hunger in charge of humanitarian coordination.
Puerto Rico
On September 9, more than a million Puerto Ricans still without electricity, tens of thousands without water, and several thousand still in shelters. The hospital operates on generator power. The government is struggling to establish contacts with the islands of Culebra and Vieques.
On September 10, the main island has been restored enough to be a sanctuary for people stranded on other islands, including 1,200 tourists from Saint Martin and the US Virgin Islands. Airlift has brought more than 50 patients to Puerto Rico.
Saint Martin
Damage to the port of Sint Maarten and Princess Juliana International Airport makes the Dutch part of Saint Martin unreachable, although the smaller French Grand Case-Espace Airport can be reopened on September 7 for supply assistance by helicopters and airplanes. The French armed forces based in Guadeloupe and French Guiana flew equipment and troops on CN-235 CASA/IPTN planes.
The next day, the Dutch military was able to transport dialysis patients from the island while also dropping leaflets to alert the islanders about the approaching Hurricane Jose quickly. Although the airport was closed, 435 students and faculty from the American University of the Caribbean were evacuated by the US military. On September 10, the Dutch King Willem-Alexander left for the region, with a view to visiting Sint Maarten and other affected parts of the Netherlands and members of the Commonwealth.
French President Emmanuel Macron followed this announcement by declaring his intention to visit the island's French section on Sept. 12 to bring relief supplies. In response to criticism of France's handling of disasters, 1,000 soldiers, police and other emergency workers were sent to Saint Martin and Saint Barthà © bec.
On both sides of Saint Martin, the desperate conditions combined with the food and water shortages thereafter led to reports of violence, scavenging, and theft. In response, the French government increased its troop deployment to 2,200 and the Dutch government sent more than 600 military and police personnel.
French Department of Foreign Affairs
The day after the storm hit Saint Barthelemy, French troops based in Guadeloupe and French Guiana flew equipment and troops to the reopened Grand Case-Espace Airport. On September 7 and 9, equipment and personnel were flown from France to Guadeloupe and Martinique.
Florida
There have been sporadic reports of looting and robbery in some of Miami Metro's business districts with the theft of non-essential items such as sportswear and athletic shoes during the height of the storm.
On September 11, Florida Governor Rick Scott made an air tour to survey the damage to the Keys. Overseas highway remains closed while authorities assess the integrity of 42 bridges along the route. Residents returning to Keys are confronted with a police blockade, south of Florida City. USS Iwo Jima , USS New York and the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln are sent to the Keys area to aid recovery.
On September 12, some residents were allowed to return to the Keys as far as Islamorada. Although blocked road damage goes further than Islamorada, the bridge has been checked and found safe for Sugarloaf Key. At the end of September 12, Overseas Highway has been repaired and the bridge checked safely for the first responders to travel to Key West. On September 16, residents are free to return to the Marathon. Residents were allowed to return to Key West the following day, although Keys remained closed to tourists and a checkpoint remained in place in Florida City.
On September 12, nearly 4.4 million ru
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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