The cigarette filter is a cigarette component, along with cigarette paper, capsules, and adhesives. Filters can be made from cellulose acetate fibers, paper or activated charcoal (either as a cavity filter or inserted into cellulose acetate). Macroporous phenol-formaldehyde resins and asbestos have also been used in cigarette filters. Acetate and paper modify the particle smoke phase with particle retention (filtration), and the finely divided carbon modifies the gas phase (adsorption). Filters can reduce "tar" and nicotine smoke produces up to 50%, with a greater removal rate for other class of compounds (eg, phenols), but is not effective in screening toxins such as carbon monoxide. Most manufactured cigarettes are equipped with filters; those who roll themselves can buy it from tobacco sellers.
Video Cigarette filter
Histori
In 1925, the inventor of Hungary Boris Aivaz patented the process of making cigarette filters from crepe paper.
From 1935, a British company began to develop a machine that made cigarettes incorporate a tipped filter. It was considered a special item until 1954, when the manufacturer introduced a wider machine, following a spate of speculative announcements from doctors and researchers about the possible link between lung disease and smoking. Because filtered cigarettes are considered "safer", in the 1960s, they dominated the market. The production of filtered cigarettes increased from 0.5 percent in 1950 to 87.7 percent in 1975.
Between the 1930s and 1950s, most cigarettes had a length of 70 mm (~ 2 3/4 inches). The modern cigarette market includes mainly 80 mm cigarette filters (in boxes; ~ 3 1/8 in.), 85 mm (in softpack; ~ 3 3/8 in), 100 mm (~ 3 15/16 in), or 120 mm (~ 4 3/4 inch).
Maps Cigarette filter
Producing
Cellulose acetate is made by esterifying bleached cotton or wood pulp with acetic acid. Of the three hydroxy groups of cellulose available for esterification, between two and three were esterified by controlling the amount of acid (substitution rate (DS) 2.35-2.55). Esters are spun into fibers and formed into bundles called filter tows. Taste (menthol), sweetener, softener (triacetin), flame retardant (sodium tungstate), fragile capsules that release flavor on demand, and additives that color tobacco smoke can be added to cigarette filters. The five largest manufactures of tow filters are Hoechst-Celanese and Eastman Chemicals in the United States, Solvay (Rhodia Acetow) in Germany, Daicel and Mitsubishi Rayon in Japan.
Glue starch or an emulsion based adhesive is used to attach the cigarette. Hot-based adhesives and emulsions are used for folding filters. Emulsion based adhesives are used to bind filters to cigarettes. The tip paper may be coated with polyvinyl alcohol.
Health risks
In the 1970s, relative epidemiological evidence against cancer and tobacco-related data for coronary heart disease showed a reduced risk among smokers of the filter for this disease. Between 1970 and 1980 some studies showed a 20-50% decrease in lung cancer risk for long-term smokers of filtered cigarettes compared with unfiltered cigarette smokers (IARC, 1986) but subsequent studies showed similar risks for lung cancer. in filtered and unfiltered cigarette smokers.
Various additional cigarette filters ("Pik Air", "Venturi", "David Ross") are sold as a stop smoking or tar-reduction device. The idea is that filters reduce the tar-nicotine levels that allow smokers to be weaned from cigarettes.
Cigarette light
The tobacco industry has reduced tar and nicotine yields in cigarette smoke since the 1960s. This has been achieved in a variety of ways including the use of selected tobacco lines, changes in farming procedures and preservation, the use of reconstituted sheets (reused tobacco leaf waste), tobacco stems, reduction of the amount of tobacco needed to fill a cigarette with develop it (such as wheat bran) to increase "fill strength", and by using filters and high porosity wrapping paper. However, just like a drinker who tends to drink beer in larger volumes than wine or liquor, so many smokers tend to change their smoking patterns in reverse according to the power of smoked cigarettes. In contrast to the standard puffs of cigarette machines that are the mainstay of tar and nicotine, when a smoker switches to low-tar nicotine cigarettes, low nicotine, they smoke more cigarettes, take more puffs and inhale deeper. Conversely, when smoking high-tar cigarettes, high-nicotine there is a tendency to smoke and inhale less.
In spite of the changes in cigarette design and manufacturing over the last 50 years, the use of filters and "light" cigarettes has not lowered nicotine intake per cigarette, or decreased incidence of lung cancer. A shift over the years from a higher or lower cigarette can explain the pathology change in lung cancer. That is, the percentage of adenocarcinomas lung cancer has increased, while the percentage of squamous cell cancers has decreased. Changes in tumor types are believed to reflect higher delivery of nitrosamines from low-yield cigarettes and increased depth or volume in inhalation of low-yield cigarettes to compensate for lower levels of nicotine in the smoke.
Security
Cellulose acetate is non-toxic, odorless, tasteless, and flammable. It is resistant to weak acids and is largely stable for minerals and fatty oils as well as petroleum. It is biodegradable and the raw material is a renewable natural polymer that is expected to find applications for other uses in the future. Cigarette butts contain 5-7 mg (~ 0.08-0.11 gr) nicotine (about 25% of the total nicotine content of cigarettes), children swallow & gt; 2 whole cigarettes, 6 cigarette butts or a total of 0.5 mg/kg (~ 0.0035 gr/lbs) of nicotine should be treated at the hospital. Cellulose acetate is hydrophilic and retains water-soluble, irritating (acid, alkaline, aldehyde, and phenolic) water-soluble constituents while letting through lipophilic aromatic compounds.
Smoking cigarette tobacco and tobacco cigarettes are toxic to aquatic organisms such as marine topsmelt ( Atherinops affinis ) and fresh fathead freshwater fish ( Pimephales promelas ).
The atmospheric humidity, stomach acid, light, and enzymes hydrolyze cellulose acetate to acetic acid and cellulose. Cellulose is then hydrolyzed into selobiose or glucose in an acid medium, and ultimately forms a valuable humus. Humans can not digest cellulose and secrete fibers in stools, because, unlike ruminants, rabbits, rodents, termites, and some bacteria and fungi, they have no cellulolytic enzymes like cellulase. Like wood, paper and cotton, cigarette filters on the ground decay slowly for months to years.
Litter
Cigarette butts are the most common form of anthropogenic (man-made) waste in the world, as about 5.6 trillion cigarettes smoked every year worldwide. From them it is estimated that 4.5 trillion cigarette butts become garbage every year. Cellulose acetate fibers used as the main filter ingredients are not readily biodegradable by acetyl groups in the cellulose backbone which themselves can rapidly be degraded by various microorganisms using cellulase. The normal filter removed period is estimated up to 15 years.
Many governments have imposed tough sanctions to waste cigarette filters; for example the Washington state imposed a $ 1,025 penalty for cigarette filters that pollute. Another option is to develop better biodegradable filters, much of this work relies heavily on research in the secondary mechanism for photodegradation as mentioned above. The next option is to use cigarette packs with compartments to throw cigarette butts, apply monetary deposits on filters, increase the availability of container bottoms, and expand public education. It is even possible to ban the sale of filtered cigarettes altogether on the basis of their adverse environmental impact. Recent research has been put into finding ways to harness filter waste, to develop desired products. A research group in South Korea has developed a simple one-step process that converts cellulose acetate in tobacco filters that are disposed of into high-performance materials that can be integrated into computers, handheld devices, electric vehicles and wind turbines to store energy. These materials have demonstrated superior performance compared to commercially available carbon, graphene, and carbon nano tubes. This product shows a high promise as a green alternative to waste issues. Another group of researchers has proposed adding food grade dietary acid in the filter. Once it is wet enough the tablet will release an acid that accelerates the degradation to about two weeks (rather than using cellulosic triacetate and other than acidic cigarette smoke). Dutch startups train crows to recognize and pick up cigarette butts in return for a snack.
See also
- Cigarette # Cigarette_filter
- Cigarette # Cigarette_butt
- Cigarette holder
- Hookah
- Bong
- List of additives in cigarettes
- Smoking tobacco
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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