The Baltic region is home to the known largest amber deposit, called the amber Baltic or succinite . It came from 44 million years ago (during Eocene times). It is estimated that these forests produce over 100,000 tons of amber. Today, more than 90% of the world's amber comes from the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. This is the main source of income for this area; Kaliningrad Amber Combine is locally extracted by 250 tonnes in 2014, 400 tonnes by 2015.
"Baltic Amber" was previously thought to include amber from the Bitterfeld brown coal mine in Saxony (East Germany). Bitterfeld amber was previously believed to be only 20-22 million years old (Miocene), but the comparison of animal inclusions in 2003 suggests that it may be Baltic amber prescribed in Miocene deposits. Further studies on insect taxa in amber have shown Bitterfeld amber derived from the same forest as the Baltic amber forest, but separately stored from the more southerly parts, in the same way as the Rovno fox. Other sources of Baltic amber have been listed as coming from Poland and Russia.
Because Baltic amber contains about 8% succinic acid, also referred to as succinite.
Video Baltic amber
Pohon ambar Baltik
It has been estimated from the 1850s that the yellow resin was produced by the Pinites succinifer tree, but research in the 1980s came to the conclusion that the resin came from several species. Recently, it has been proposed, on the evidence of Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of resin and resin from live trees, the conifers of the Sciadopityaceae family are responsible. The only remaining representative of this family is the Japanese pine umbrella, Sciadopitys verticillata . Maps Baltic amber
Structure
The Baltic amber structure (succinite) is complex. This is not a polymer, because it is not composed of repetitive patterns of the same type. Rather it has a macromolecular structure arranged in a cross network, in which the pores (empty space) are filled by components of the molecular structure (eg by mono and sesquiterpenes). Thus the chemical structure of amber can be described as supramolecules. The structure makes the resin denser, harder and more resistant to external factors. It also allows the preservation of good plants and animals.
Paleobiology
Many genera and species of plants and animals have been found and are scientifically described from inclusions in Baltic amber. Insect inclusions make up more than 98% of animals preserved in amber, while all other arthropods, annelids, molluscs, nematodes, protozoa account for less than 0.5% of animals. Vertebrates are the other 0.5% of animals included and most are represented by mammal fur, feathers, and reptiles.
Flora
Fauna
See also
- Amber Beach
- Dominican Amber
References
Bibliography
Matushevskaya, Aniela (2013). "Natural and artificial resin - selected aspects of structure and property" [??????????? ? ????????????? ????? - ????????? ??????? ????????? ? ???????]. In Kostjashova, Z. V. ?????? ? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? - ???????????? ??????????? 27 ???? 2013 ????
[ Amber dan tiruannya ] (dalam bahasa Rusia). Kaliningrad: Kaliningrad Amber Museum, Kementerian Kebudayaan (wilayah Kaliningrad, Rusia). p. 113. ISBN 978-5-903920-26-6. Â
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